Identifying Claims and Evidence · 识别主张与证据
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| claims/kleɪmz/ | 主张 | zhǔ zhāng |
| evidence and/or reasoning/ˈevɪdəns ænd ɔː ˈriːzənɪŋ/ | 证据与推理 | zhèng jù yǔ tuī lǐ |
| syntactically embedding/sɪnˈtæktɪkli emˈbedɪŋ/ | 句法嵌入 | jù fǎ qiàn rù |
One test tells a claim from a fact
- "The river is 40 km long" cannot be argued with.
- "The river should be protected" can.
- Could a reasonable person disagree? is the whole test.
A fact can be checked with a ruler; a claim invites disagreement. The ruler hates public speaking.
一个检验就能分辨主张与事实
- "这条河长 40 公里"无法与之争辩。
- "这条河应当受到保护"则可以。
- 一个通情达理的人会不会不同意?——这就是全部检验。
事实可以拿尺子核对；论点会请不同意见进门。尺子最怕上台辩论。
What a claim is
- Writers convey their positions through one or more claims 主张 that require a defence.
- Effective claims provoke interest and require a defence, rather than stating an obvious fact.
- A sentence nobody would dispute is not a claim, however true it is.
主张是什么
- 写作者通过一项或多项需要辩护的主张(claims)来表达立场。
- 有效的主张会引发兴趣并需要辩护,而不是陈述一个显而易见的事实。
- 一句无人会争辩的话不是主张,无论它多么正确。
Claim, evidence, or neither? · 主张、证据还是都不是？
Sort each sentence by the job it does in an argument. · 根据每个句子在论证中扮演的角色对其进行归类。
The test for whether a sentence is a claim is... · 判断一个句子是否为主张的测试方法是...
A true statement nobody disputes has nothing to defend and cannot anchor a paragraph. · 一个无人争议的陈述无需辩护，也无法成为段落的支撑点。
Any true statement can serve as the claim of a paragraph. · 任何真实的陈述都可以作为段落的主题。
It must require a defence — a fact nobody disputes cannot anchor an argument. · 它必须需要辩护——一个无人争议的事实无法支撑论证。
What counts as evidence
- Writers defend claims with evidence and/or reasoning 证据与推理.
- The CED's list is deliberately wide: facts, anecdotes, analogies, statistics, examples, details, illustrations, expert opinions and personal experience.
- Recognising an anecdote or an analogy as evidence is itself an examinable skill.
什么算作证据
- 写作者以证据与推理(evidence and/or reasoning)为主张辩护。
- CED 的清单有意开得很宽:事实、轶事、类比、统计数据、例证、细节、图示、专家意见与个人经验。
- 把轶事或类比识别为证据,本身就是一项可考的能力。
Select all · 所有 that the CED lists as types of evidence. · 选择所有CED列出的证据类型。
The CED's list is deliberately wide, but page numbers are citation, not evidence. · CED的列表范围很广，但页码属于引用格式，而非证据本身。
A true statement is not automatically a claim. If nobody could reasonably disagree, there is nothing to defend, and a paragraph built on it has no argument to make. Apply the disagreement test before you build anything on a sentence.
正确的陈述不会自动成为主张。如果没有人可能合理地不同意,就没有什么需要辩护,而建立在它之上的段落也就无从展开论证。在拿一句话搭建任何东西之前,先用"是否可能不同意"来检验它。
Building quoted material into your own sentence is called ____ embedding. · 将引文融入自身句式中称为____嵌入。
Syntactic embedding is how source material is related to the writer's own argument. · 语法嵌入是源材料与作者自身论证建立联系的方式。
Embedding source material
- Writers relate source material to their own argument by syntactically embedding 句法嵌入 it.
- Quoted, paraphrased or summarised material is built into the writer's own sentence.
- A quotation dropped in beside a sentence has not been related to the argument at all.
嵌入源材料
- 写作者通过句法嵌入(syntactically embedding)把源材料与自己的论证联系起来。
- 引用、转述或概括的材料被建进写作者自己的句子里。
- 被摆放在句子旁边的引文,根本没有与论证发生关系。
Match each part of a paragraph to what it does. · 将段落的各部分与其功能匹配。
Three parts, in that order — and the third is the one most often missing. · 三个部分按此顺序排列——第三部分也是最常被遗漏的部分。
Reading a paragraph for its parts
- Find the sentence that could be argued with — that is the claim.
- Find what is offered to support it — that is the evidence.
- Find the sentence explaining the link — if it is missing, the paragraph is incomplete.
拆解一个段落
- 找出可以与之争辩的那句话——那是主张。
- 找出用来支撑它的东西——那是证据。
- 找出解释两者联系的那句话——如果它缺失,这个段落就是不完整的。
"The library opens at nine" is a fact. "The library's opening hours fail the students who need it most" is a claim: someone could reasonably disagree, and defending it requires evidence about who uses it and when.
"图书馆九点开门"是事实。"图书馆的开放时间辜负了最需要它的那些学生"是主张:有人可能合理地不同意,而为它辩护需要关于谁在何时使用它的证据。
A claim requires a defence — test it by asking whether a reasonable person could disagree. Evidence may be facts, anecdotes, analogies, statistics, examples or expert opinion, and it must be syntactically embedded in the writer's own sentence rather than dropped beside it.
主张需要辩护——用"一个通情达理的人是否可能不同意"来检验它。证据可以是事实、轶事、类比、统计数据、例证或专家意见,而且必须被句法嵌入写作者自己的句子,而不是摆放在旁边。