The Rhetorical Situation · 修辞情境
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| audience/ˈɔːdɪəns/ | 受众 | shòu zhòng |
| exigence/ˈeksɪdʒəns/ | 促因 | cù yīn |
| purpose/ˈpɜːpəs/ | 目的 | mù dì |
| context/ˈkɒntekst/ | 语境 | yǔ jìng |
Every text was written by someone, for someone, because of something
- A text is not information floating free — it was produced under conditions.
- Those conditions explain the choices the writer made.
- Naming them is the first move in every question this course asks.
An argument with no audience is a speech to an empty chair. The chair remains unconvinced.
每一篇文本都由某人所写、为某人而写、并因某事而写
- 文本不是凭空漂浮的信息——它是在某些条件下被生产出来的。
- 这些条件解释了写作者所作的各种选择。
- 点出这些条件,是本课程每道题目的第一步。
没有受众的论证就像对着空椅子演讲；椅子听完还是没被说服。
Exigence: why now?
- The exigence 促因 is what inspires, stimulates, provokes or prompts a writer to create a text.
- It answers "why did this get written now?"
- Exigence is not the topic — it is the trigger.
促因:为何是此刻?
- 促因(exigence)是激发、刺激、引发或促使写作者创作某一文本的东西。
- 它回答的是"这篇东西为什么在此刻被写出来?"
- 促因不是主题——它是触发点。
The exigence of a text is... · 文本的紧迫性是指...
Exigence is the trigger; purpose is the aim. They are separate components. · 紧迫性是触发点；目的是目标。它们是不同的要素。
Purpose, audience, context
- The purpose 目的 is what the writer hopes to accomplish — and there may be more than one.
- The audience 受众 has shared as well as individual beliefs, values, needs and backgrounds.
- The context 语境 is the time, place and occasion in which the text was created.
目的、受众、语境
- 目的(purpose)是写作者希望达成的事——而且可能不止一个。
- 受众(audience)既有共有的也有个体的信念、价值、需求与背景。
- 语境(context)是文本被创作时的时间、地点与场合。
Which component of the rhetorical situation? · 属于修辞情境的哪个要素？
Sort each detail by the component it names. · 根据每个细节所指的要素对其进行归类。
A text can have more than one purpose. · 一篇文本可以具有多个目的。
The CED states this explicitly — writers may pursue several aims at once. · CED明确指出——作者可同时追求多个目标。
The time, place and occasion in which a text is created is its . · 文本被创造的时间、地点和场合是其。
Context surrounds the whole situation; it is not the same as the exigence. · 语境包围了整个情境；它不同于紧迫性。
Exigence and purpose are different components and questions often ask for only one. Exigence is what prompted the text; purpose is what the writer wants to achieve. Using one word for both loses the distinction the rubric rewards.
促因与目的是不同的组成部分,而题目往往只问其中之一。促因是促使文本产生的东西;目的是写作者想要达成的东西。用一个词涵盖两者,就丢掉了评分标准所奖励的那一区分。
Select all · 所有 the components of the rhetorical situation the CED names. · 选择所有CED命名的修辞情境要素。
Word count is not a component; the six are exigence, purpose, audience, writer, context and message. · 字数不是要素之一；六个要素是紧迫性、目的、受众、作者、语境和讯息。
Writer and message
- The writer brings their own position, knowledge and stake in the subject.
- The message is what the text actually says and does.
- Together with exigence, purpose, audience and context, these make the six components.
写作者与信息
- 写作者带来自身的立场、知识与在该议题中的利害关系。
- 信息(message)是文本实际所说与所做。
- 连同促因、目的、受众与语境,这些共同构成六个组成部分。
Match each component to the question it answers. · 将每个要素与其回答的问题匹配。
Three different questions, three different components — questions ask for one at a time. · 三个不同的问题对应三个不同的要素——每次提问只针对其中一个要素。
The sentence this course wants
- A weak answer names a device: "the writer uses a rhetorical question".
- A scoring answer names the situation: this writer, prompted by this exigence, made this choice to move this audience toward this purpose.
- The device is only evidence; the situation is the argument.
本课程想要的那句话
- 薄弱的答案点出一个手法:"写作者使用了反问句"。
- 能得分的答案点出的是情境:这位写作者,受这一促因驱动,作出这一选择,以推动这一受众走向这一目的。
- 手法只是证据;情境才是论证。
A mayor publishes a letter the week after a bridge closes. The exigence is the closure; the purpose is to keep public confidence; the audience is residents who are already inconvenienced; the context is a town in the middle of a disruption. Every sentence in the letter follows from those four.
一位市长在一座桥关闭后的那一周发表了一封公开信。促因是关闭这件事;目的是维持公众信心;受众是已经受到不便的居民;语境是一座正处于中断之中的城镇。信中的每一句话都由这四者推出。
The rhetorical situation is the exigence, purpose, audience, writer, context and message together. Exigence is the trigger, purpose is the aim, and every rhetorical choice a writer makes is explained by these six.
修辞情境由促因、目的、受众、写作者、语境与信息共同构成。促因是触发点,目的是意图,而写作者所作的每一项修辞选择,都要由这六者来解释。