Why Collisions Do or Do Not React · 为什么碰撞会发生或不发生反应
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| collision theory/kəˈlɪʒn ˈθɪəri/ | 碰撞理论 | pèng zhuàng lǐ lùn |
| activation energy/ˌæktɪˈveɪʃn ˈenədʒi/ | 活化能 | huó huà néng |
Not every bump makes a bond
- Particles bump constantly, but most bounce off unchanged.
- Only a few hits actually trigger a change.
- A successful hit needs enough energy and the right angle.
- Miss either and nothing happens.
不是每次碰撞都成键
- 粒子不停地相撞,但大多数原封不动地弹开。
- 只有少数几次碰撞真正触发变化。
- 一次成功的碰撞需要足够的能量和正确的角度。
- 缺了任何一个,什么也不会发生。
Collision theory
- Collision theory 碰撞理论 says particles must collide to react.
- But a collision only works if two conditions are met.
- Enough energy, and the correct orientation.
碰撞理论
- 碰撞理论说粒子必须碰撞才能反应。
- 但一次碰撞只有满足两个条件才起作用。
- 足够的能量,以及正确的取向。
Select both · 两者 conditions a collision needs to cause a reaction. · 选择两个碰撞引起反应所需的条件。
A successful collision needs both sufficient energy and the right orientation. · 成功的碰撞既需要足够的能量也需要正确的取向。
The energy barrier
- A reaction needs a minimum energy, the activation energy 活化能.
- Collisions below it just bounce apart.
- Only the fast-enough particles clear the barrier.
能量壁垒
- 反应需要一个最低能量,即活化能。
- 低于它的碰撞只是弹开。
- 只有足够快的粒子才越过壁垒。
The minimum energy a collision needs to react is the... · 碰撞发生反应所需的最小能量是...
The activation energy is the barrier every reaction must clear. · 活化能是每个反应都必须跨越的障碍。
Collisions with energy below the activation energy simply ____ apart. · 能量低于活化能的碰撞只是简单地____开。
Too little energy means the particles just bounce off. · 能量不足时，粒子只是弹开。
The right angle
- Even an energetic collision fails if the particles are aimed wrong.
- The reacting parts must line up on impact.
- Both energy and orientation must be right.
正确的角度
- 即使是有能量的碰撞,若粒子对准错了也会失败。
- 反应的部位在撞击时必须对齐。
- 能量和取向都必须正确。
Enough energy to react? · 是否有足够的能量发生反应？
Only collisions above the activation energy react. Heat the gas and watch more particles cross that threshold. · 只有活化能以上的碰撞才能发生反应。加热气体并观察更多粒子越过该阈值。
A collision with plenty of energy but the wrong orientation can still fail. · 即使能量充足但取向错误的碰撞也可能失败。
Both energy and orientation must be right for success. · 成功需要能量和取向都正确。
Why does raising the temperature speed a reaction so much?
- Hotter particles collide more often and with more energy.
- A far larger fraction now clears the activation energy.
为什么升高温度能让反应快这么多?
- 更热的粒子碰撞更频繁、能量更大。
- 现在越过活化能的比例大得多。
Raising temperature speeds a reaction mainly by... · 升高温度主要加快反应速率是通过...
More particles clear the activation-energy barrier when it is hotter. · 温度升高时，更多粒子能够跨越活化能障碍。
Most collisions between particles actually lead to a reaction. · 粒子间的绝大多数碰撞实际上都会导致反应。
Most collisions fail; only the effective ones react. · 大多数碰撞无效；只有有效碰撞才会发生反应。
Both conditions must hold -- enough energy and the correct orientation; a hard collision at the wrong angle still fails. Temperature mainly boosts the energy condition, letting more particles clear the barrier. And most collisions do nothing; only the effective ones count.
两个条件都必须满足——足够的能量和正确的取向;角度不对的猛烈碰撞仍会失败。温度主要提升能量条件,让更多粒子越过壁垒。而且大多数碰撞什么也不做;只有有效的才算数。
Collision theory says a reaction needs collisions with two things at once: enough energy to clear the activation energy barrier, and the correct orientation. Most collisions fail on one or the other. Raising temperature works mainly by pushing more particles over the energy barrier.
碰撞理论说反应需要同时具备两点的碰撞:足够的能量越过活化能壁垒,以及正确的取向。大多数碰撞在其中之一上失败。升高温度主要通过把更多粒子推过能量壁垒起作用。