Acid-Base Reactions · 酸碱反应
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| acid/ˈæsɪd/ | 酸 | suān |
| base/beɪs/ | 碱 | jiǎn |
| neutralization/ˌnjuːtrəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ | 中和 | zhōng hé |
The great proton handoff
- Lemon juice stings; soap feels slippery.
- One eagerly gives away a tiny particle; the other grabs it.
- Mix them and they cancel each other out.
- A single proton passed along explains it all.
质子的伟大传递
- 柠檬汁刺人;肥皂摸起来滑滑的。
- 一方急切地送出一个微小的粒子;另一方抓住它。
- 把它们混合,它们相互抵消。
- 一个质子被传递,就解释了这一切。
Donors and acceptors
- An acid 酸 donates a hydrogen ion ($\text{H}^+$, a proton).
- A base 碱 accepts that hydrogen ion.
- This is the Bronsted-Lowry picture.
给体与受体
- 酸给出一个氢离子($\text{H}^+$,即质子)。
- 碱接受那个氢离子。
- 这是布朗斯特-劳里的观点。
In the Bronsted-Lowry model, an acid is a substance that... · 在布朗斯特-劳里模型中，酸是一种...
An acid is a proton donor; a base is a proton acceptor. · 酸是质子供体；碱是质子受体。
A base is a proton ____. · 碱是质子的 ____。
A base accepts the proton the acid donates. · 碱接受酸提供的质子。
Neutralization
- Neutralization 中和 is an acid reacting with a base.
- The products are a salt and water.
- $\text{HCl} + \text{NaOH} \to \text{NaCl} + \text{H}_2\text{O}$.
中和
- 中和是酸与碱反应。
- 产物是一种盐和水。
- $\text{HCl} + \text{NaOH} \to \text{NaCl} + \text{H}_2\text{O}$。
Neutralizing an acid with a base produces... · 用碱中和酸会产生...
Acid + base gives a salt plus water. · 酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。
Strong and weak
- A strong acid or base ionizes completely in water.
- A weak one only partly ionizes.
- Strength is about how fully it dissociates, not how concentrated it is.
强与弱
- 强酸或强碱在水中完全电离。
- 弱的只部分电离。
- 强弱讲的是解离得多完全,而不是浓度多大。
Acid or base? · 酸还是碱？
In each reaction, decide which species donates a proton (acid) and which accepts one (base). · 在每个反应中，决定哪种物种提供质子（酸）以及哪种接受质子（碱）。
A strong acid is always more concentrated than a weak acid. · 强酸总是比弱酸浓度更高。
Strength (ionization) is independent of concentration. · 强度（电离度）与浓度无关。
A strong acid ionizes completely in water. · 强酸在水中完全电离。
Complete ionization is exactly what "strong" means. · 完全电离正是“强”的含义。
What forms when $\text{HCl}$ reacts with $\text{NaOH}$?
- The $\text{H}^+$ and $\text{OH}^-$ join to make water.
- The leftover $\text{Na}^+$ and $\text{Cl}^-$ make the salt $\text{NaCl}$.
$\text{HCl}$ 与 $\text{NaOH}$ 反应生成什么?
- $\text{H}^+$ 和 $\text{OH}^-$ 结合生成水。
- 剩下的 $\text{Na}^+$ 和 $\text{Cl}^-$ 生成盐 $\text{NaCl}$。
When $\text{H}^+$ meets $\text{OH}^-$ in neutralization, they form... · 当 $\text{H}^+$ 遇到 $\text{OH}^-$ 发生中和时，它们形成...
$\text{H}^+ + \text{OH}^- \to \text{H}_2\text{O}$.
Do not confuse strength with concentration -- a strong acid can be dilute, and a weak acid can be concentrated. Strong means fully ionized. Neutralization always yields a salt plus water. And the acid donates the proton while the base accepts it.
不要把强弱与浓度混淆——强酸可以是稀的,弱酸可以是浓的。强意味着完全电离。中和总是生成盐加水。而且酸给出质子,碱接受质子。
An acid donates a proton ($\text{H}^+$) and a base accepts one. Their neutralization produces a salt and water, like $\text{HCl} + \text{NaOH} \to \text{NaCl} + \text{H}_2\text{O}$. Strength (fully vs partly ionized) is separate from concentration.
酸给出质子($\text{H}^+$),碱接受质子。它们的中和生成盐和水,如 $\text{HCl} + \text{NaOH} \to \text{NaCl} + \text{H}_2\text{O}$。强弱(完全电离还是部分电离)与浓度是分开的。