Ethics for computing professionals · 计算专业人员的伦理
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| ethics/ˈeθɪks/ | 伦理 | lún lǐ |
| computing professional/kəmˈpjuːtɪŋ prəˈfeʃənl/ | 计算机专业人员 | jì suàn jī zhuān yè rén yuán |
| code of conduct/kəʊd ɒv ˈkɒndʌkt/ | 行为准则 | xíng wéi zhǔn zé |
| confidentiality/ˌkɒnfɪˌdenʃiˈæləti/ | 保密性 | bǎo mì xìng |
| conflicts of interest/ˈkɒnflɪkts ɒv ˈɪntrest/ | 利益冲突 | lì yì chōng tū |
| intellectual property/ˌɪntəˈlektʃuːəl ˈprɒpəti/ | 知识产权 | zhī shí chǎn quán |
| privacy/ˈprɪvəsi/ | 隐私 | yǐn sī |
The machine that said everything was fine
- Between 1985 and 1987 a radiotherapy machine called the Therac-25 gave at least six patients massive overdoses of radiation. Three died.
- The cause was software: a race condition that let the machine fire its full-power beam while the screen reported a normal dose. The manufacturer's first response was that an overdose was impossible.
- Nobody outside the company could read the code. The patients had to trust the people who wrote it.
- That trust is what ethics 伦理 is for. This lesson is what the profession expects of you, why, and how to answer when the exam gives you a situation.
那台说一切正常的机器
- 1985 到 1987 年间,一台叫 Therac-25 的放射治疗机给至少六名病人施加了大剂量的辐射过量。三人死亡。
- 原因是软件:一个竞态条件让机器以全功率发射射束,而屏幕显示的是正常剂量。制造商最初的回应是过量不可能发生。
- 公司之外没有人能读那些代码。病人只能信任写代码的人。
- 这种信任就是伦理(ethics)存在的意义。这一课讲这个行业对你的期待、原因,以及考试给出一个情境时该怎样回答。
Why computing professionals need ethics
- A computing professional 计算机专业人员 builds software, systems, networks and data that affect other people. Because the work is technical, those people usually cannot tell whether it was done well or honestly.
- Trust: users and employers rely on professionals to act in their interest. Without it, software loses its credibility.
- Impact: software runs medical devices, banking, vehicles and elections. Careless or dishonest work hurts real people.
计算专业人员为什么需要伦理
- 计算专业人员(computing professional)构建影响他人的软件、系统、网络和数据。因为工作是技术性的,那些人通常无法判断它是否做得好、做得诚实。
- 信任:用户和雇主依赖专业人员为他们的利益行事。没有信任,软件就失去可信度。
- 影响:软件运行着医疗设备、银行、车辆和选举。粗心或不诚实的工作会伤害真实的人。
Why are ethics especially important for computing professionals? · 为什么伦理对计算专业人员尤为重要？
Software runs critical systems and users can't easily verify it, so professionals are trusted to act honestly and competently. · 软件运行关键系统且用户难以验证，因此专业人士被信任要诚实和胜任地行事。
Professional bodies and codes of conduct
- The syllabus names two: the BCS (British Computer Society) and the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). The ACM is a third. Each publishes a code of conduct 行为准则 that members agree to follow.
- Benefits of joining, in the scheme's words: a set of ethical guidelines to follow, so decisions are not left to personal judgement; training, conferences and publications to keep skills current; a recognised professional status; a network of colleagues; and advice when a difficult case arises.
- Membership can be withdrawn from someone who breaks the code, which gives the code teeth.
专业团体和行为准则
- 大纲点名两个:BCS(英国计算机学会)和 IEEE(电气与电子工程师协会)。ACM 是第三个。每个都发布会员同意遵守的行为准则(code of conduct)。
- 用评分标准的话说,加入的好处:有一套可遵循的伦理指南,决策不必只靠个人判断;培训、会议和出版物让技能保持最新;被认可的专业地位;同行网络;遇到难题时的建议。
- 违反准则的人可能被取消会员资格,这让准则有了牙齿。
The two professional bodies named in the syllabus are the BCS and the ____. · 大纲中提到的两个专业机构是 BCS 和 ____。
The British Computer Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; both publish a code of conduct that members follow. · 英国计算机学会和电气与电子工程师协会；两者都发布成员遵循的行为准则。
Which are benefits of joining a professional ethical body? Select all · 所有 that apply. · 加入专业伦理机构有哪些好处？选择所有适用项。
A body offers guidance, development, status and support. It cannot place its members above the law. · 机构提供指导、发展、地位和支助。它不能使其成员凌驾于法律之上。
The principles
- Public interest first: protect the safety, health and welfare of those affected.
- Honesty and competence: be honest about your skills and do not claim expertise you lack.
- Confidentiality 保密性: protect clients' and employers' private information. Avoid conflicts of interest 利益冲突: do not take work where your interest clashes with the client's.
- Respect intellectual property 知识产权 and privacy 隐私, keep your skills current, and treat colleagues fairly.
Privacy is one of the interests a professional is trusted to protect
原则
- 公众利益优先:保护受影响者的安全、健康和福祉。
- 诚实与胜任:诚实对待自己的技能,不声称拥有你没有的专长。
- 保密性(confidentiality):保护客户和雇主的私密信息。避免利益冲突(conflicts of interest):不接手自身利益与客户利益冲突的工作。
- 尊重知识产权(intellectual property)和隐私(privacy),保持技能最新,公平对待同事。
隐私是专业人员被信任去保护的利益之一
Which is a core principle of professional ethics? · 哪项是职业伦理的核心原则？
Codes of ethics put the public interest first, alongside honesty, competence and confidentiality. · 道德准则将公众利益置于首位，同时强调诚实、能力和保密。
Select all · 所有 the genuine professional principles. · 选择所有真正的职业原则。
Honesty, confidentiality and avoiding conflicts of interest are principles; taking others' credit is unethical. · 诚实、保密和避免利益冲突是原则；窃取他人成果是不道德的。
Match each professional principle to what it means. · 将每个职业原则与其含义匹配。
Codes of ethics put the public first, with honesty, confidentiality and no conflicts of interest. · 道德准则将公众利益置于首位，包含诚实、保密和无利益冲突。
Worked example: colleagues and the public
- Explain why a programmer needs to act ethically towards colleagues and towards the public.
- Colleagues: treat them fairly and without discrimination; respect their work, ideas and confidential information; be honest about mistakes and give credit where it is due; support their development rather than undermine it.
- The public: protect their personal data and privacy; produce software that is safe, reliable and properly tested, because faults can cause harm; be honest about what the software does and does not do.
- Two audiences, two or three points each, every point a consequence for someone.
例题:同事与公众
- 解释程序员为什么需要对同事和公众有伦理地行事。
- 同事:公平且无歧视地对待他们;尊重他们的工作、想法和机密信息;对错误诚实并在应得时给予认可;支持而不是削弱他们的发展。
- 公众:保护他们的个人数据和隐私;做出安全、可靠、经过妥善测试的软件,因为故障会造成伤害;诚实说明软件做什么、不做什么。
- 两个对象,各两三点,每一点都是对某人的后果。
Which of these is acting ethically towards a colleague? · 以下哪项是对同事的道德行为？
Credit where it is due is respect for a colleague's work. Hiding a bug harms users and breaks honesty; the other two breach privacy and honesty. · 应得的认可体现了对同事工作的尊重。隐瞒缺陷会伤害用户并违背诚实；另外两项侵犯了隐私和诚实。
Acting ethically, acting unethically
- Acting ethically protects users, strengthens reputation, reduces legal risk and builds trust in the profession.
- Acting unethically, skipping testing, hiding bugs, misusing data, can harm real users, lead to dismissal or legal action, damage a reputation for years, and erode trust in technology generally.
- The exam gives a situation and asks for the impact of each choice. Name who is affected and how.
有伦理地行事,无伦理地行事
- 有伦理地行事保护用户、加强声誉、降低法律风险,并建立对这个行业的信任。
- 无伦理地行事——跳过测试、隐瞒漏洞、滥用数据——会伤害真实用户、导致解雇或法律诉讼、多年损害声誉,并侵蚀对技术的普遍信任。
- 考试给出一个情境,要求说出每种选择的影响。说出谁受影响、怎样受影响。
Risk and responsibility lab · 风险与责任实验室
Sort examples by the rule, risk or protection involved. · 根据所涉及的规则、风险或保护措施对示例进行排序。
A likely consequence of acting unethically (e.g. hiding bugs) is: · 不道德行为（如隐瞒缺陷）的一个可能后果是：
Unethical conduct can hurt real users and lead to dismissal, legal liability and damaged trust. · 不道德行为会伤害真实用户，导致解雇、法律责任和信任受损。
Worked example: the hiring tool
- Your team's new AI hiring tool sorts CVs ten times faster, but you notice it rejects more older applicants. Shipping it pleases your manager.
- Who is affected: the applicants treated unfairly, the employer exposed to a discrimination claim, and the team's reputation.
- The code of conduct puts the public interest and fairness before short-term convenience, and the law forbids age discrimination.
- The ethical choice: hold the tool back until the bias is found and fixed, and tell the manager why. Speed does not outrank fairness.
例题:招聘工具
- 你团队新的 AI 招聘工具筛简历快十倍,但你注意到它拒绝了更多年龄较大的申请人。发布它能让经理高兴。
- 谁受影响:被不公平对待的申请人、面临歧视诉讼风险的雇主,以及团队的声誉。
- 行为准则把公众利益和公平放在短期便利之前,法律也禁止年龄歧视。
- 有伦理的选择:把工具压住,直到找到并修复偏差,并告诉经理原因。速度不能高于公平。
Because the hiring tool is ten times faster, shipping it with a known bias against older applicants is an acceptable trade-off. · 因为招聘工具快十倍，带着针对年长申请者的已知偏见发货是可接受的权衡。
Public interest and fairness come first in every code of conduct, and age discrimination is unlawful. Speed is a convenience, not a justification. · 公众利益和公平在任何行为准则中都是第一位的，年龄歧视是违法的。速度只是便利，不是理由。
Worked example: a student on the school network
- A student connects a personal laptop to the school network. Give three ways they should act ethically.
- Respect other people's privacy and data; do not try to access systems or accounts they are not allowed to.
- Do not download or share copyrighted material, and do not introduce malware.
- Use the network for the purpose it was provided, and do not use social media to bully or harass. Any three, each a specific behaviour.
例题:校园网上的学生
- 一名学生把个人笔记本接入校园网。给出他应有伦理地行事的三种方式。
- 尊重他人的隐私和数据;不试图访问不被允许的系统或账户。
- 不下载或分享受版权保护的材料,不引入恶意软件。
- 只把网络用于提供它的目的,不用社交媒体欺凌或骚扰。任取三条,每条都是一个具体行为。
Deciding a borderline case
- Identify whose interests are affected. Check the code of conduct and the law.
- Weigh the consequences of each option, for users first. Ask a trusted senior colleague if the answer is not clear.
- Choose the option that protects users over short-term convenience, and be able to explain why.
判断一个边界案例
- 确定谁的利益受影响。查行为准则和法律。
- 权衡每个选项的后果,用户优先。答案不明确时问一位可信的资深同事。
- 选择把用户置于短期便利之上的选项,并能解释为什么。
Put the steps for deciding a borderline ethical case in order. · 将决定边缘伦理案例的步骤排序。
People, rules, consequences, advice, decision. The last step is the one the exam marks: users before short-term convenience. · 人、规则、后果、建议、决策。最后一步是考试评分点：短期便利之前是用户。
Marks that slip away
- "Legal" and "ethical" are not the same word. An action can be legal and still break the code of conduct.
- Confidentiality is about information you hold for others; privacy is about a person's own data. Do not swap them.
- Name the bodies: BCS and IEEE. "A professional organisation" earns nothing.
- Joining a body gives guidelines and support, not permission or protection. Say what it gives.
容易丢掉的分
- "合法"和"有伦理"不是同一个词。一个行为可以合法却违反行为准则。
- 保密性关于你替他人保管的信息;隐私关于一个人自己的数据。不要互换。
- 说出团体的名字:BCS 和 IEEE。"一个专业组织"不得分。
- 加入团体带来指南和支持,不是许可或保护。要说清它带来什么。
You've got it
- ethics matter because others must trust technical work they cannot judge, and because software has real impact
- BCS and IEEE publish codes of conduct; joining gives guidelines, training, status, a network and advice
- principles: public interest first, honesty and competence, confidentiality, no conflicts of interest, respect for IP and privacy, fairness to colleagues
- for a situation: name who is affected, apply the code and the law, weigh the consequences, and put users before convenience
你掌握了
- 伦理重要,因为他人必须信任他们无法判断的技术工作,也因为软件有真实的影响
- BCS 和 IEEE 发布行为准则;加入带来指南、培训、地位、人脉和建议
- 原则:公众利益优先、诚实与胜任、保密性、无利益冲突、尊重知识产权和隐私、对同事公平
- 面对情境:说出谁受影响,运用准则和法律,权衡后果,把用户放在便利之前