Copyright and software licences · 版权与软件许可
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| copyright/ˈkɒpɪraɪt/ | 版权 | bǎn quán |
| patent/ˈpeɪtənt/ | 专利 | zhuān lì |
| software licence/ˈsɒftweə ˈlaɪsəns/ | 软件许可证 | ruǎn jiàn xǔ kě zhèng |
| commercial software/kəˈmɜːʃl ˈsɒftweə/ | 商业软件 | shāng yè ruǎn jiàn |
| proprietary/prəˈpraɪətəri/ | 专有 | zhuān yǒu |
| open-source/ˈəʊpən sɔːs/ | 开源 | kāi yuán |
| freeware/ˈfriːweə/ | 免费软件 | miǎn fèi ruǎn jiàn |
| shareware/ˈʃeəweə/ | 共享软件 | gòng xiǎng ruǎn jiàn |
| permissive/pəˈmɪsɪv/ | 宽松许可 | kuān sōng xǔ kě |
| copyleft/ˈkɒpɪleft/ | 著佐权 | zhù zuǒ quán |
An open letter to the people who did not pay
- In February 1976 a 20-year-old Bill Gates wrote an open letter to computer hobbyists. His company's BASIC interpreter was running on thousands of machines, and fewer than one owner in ten had paid for it.
- "Who can afford to do professional work for nothing?" he asked. Within a few years, the law made clear that software was a creative work like a book, and copying it without permission was illegal.
- The argument has never gone away: pay per copy, or give the code away and let anyone improve it? Both answers are on the syllabus, and both are right in the right situation.
- This lesson is copyright 版权, the licences built on it, and how to justify one for a given case.
写给没付钱的人的公开信
- 1976 年 2 月,20 岁的 Bill Gates 给计算机爱好者写了一封公开信。他公司的 BASIC 解释器在几千台机器上运行,而付过钱的机主不到十分之一。
- "谁能承受无偿做专业工作?"他问。几年之内,法律明确了软件像书一样是创作作品,未经许可复制它是违法的。
- 这个争论从未消失:按份收费,还是把代码送出去让任何人改进?两个答案都在大纲上,而且在合适的情境下都对。
- 这一课讲版权(copyright)、建立在它之上的许可证,以及如何为给定情况论证一种许可证。
Copyright
- Copyright is the legal right of the creator of an original work to control how it is copied, distributed, modified and performed.
- It applies automatically, with no registration, to source code, software, documents, images, audio and video, and it lasts a long time, often 70 years after the creator's death.
- Why a programmer relies on it, in the scheme's words: to be identified as the owner and author; so that there are legal consequences if anyone copies or steals the program; to stop competitors selling the same work; and to earn money by licensing it.
版权
- 版权是原创作品创作者控制作品如何被复制、分发、修改和表演的法定权利。
- 它自动适用,无需登记,涵盖源代码、软件、文档、图像、音频和视频,而且持续很久,通常到创作者去世后 70 年。
- 用评分标准的话说,程序员为什么依靠它:被认定为所有者和作者;若有人复制或窃取程序会有法律后果;阻止竞争者出售同样的作品;通过授权赚钱。
Copyright applies automatically to an original work (including code) and controls how it is copied and modified — but a general idea or algorithm needs a patent instead. · 版权自动适用于原创作品（包括代码），控制其复制和修改方式——但通用想法或算法需要专利来保护。
Copyright protects the specific expression; ideas/inventions are protected (if at all) by patents. · 版权保护具体表达；想法/发明则通过专利保护（如果有的话）。
Why should a programmer rely on copyright for a program? Select all · 所有 that apply. · 为什么程序员应该依赖版权来保护程序？选择所有适用项。
Ownership, legal protection, market protection and income are the four reasons the scheme lists. Copyright has nothing to do with performance. · 所有权、法律保护、市场保护和收入是该计划列出的四个原因。版权与性能无关。
Copyright is not a patent
- Copyright protects the expression: the program as written. A different program that does the same job does not infringe it.
- A patent 专利 protects a novel idea or invention. It must be applied for, examined and granted, and it lasts about 20 years.
- General ideas and algorithms are not covered by copyright; in some countries an inventive one can be patented.
Copyright is automatic and long; a patent is filed and shorter
版权不是专利
- 版权保护表达:写出来的那个程序。做同样工作的另一个程序不构成侵权。
- 专利(patent)保护新颖的想法或发明。它必须申请、审查并授予,持续约 20 年。
- 一般的想法和算法不受版权保护;在一些国家,有创造性的算法可以申请专利。
版权自动而长久;专利需申请且较短
A general idea or algorithm is NOT covered by copyright, but may be protected by a: · 通用想法或算法不受版权保护，但可能受到以下哪种方式的保护：
Copyright protects the specific expression (the code/text); ideas and inventions may be protected by a patent. · 版权保护具体表达（代码/文本）；想法和发明可能受专利保护。
Software licences
- A software licence 软件许可证 is the legal agreement that states how a piece of software may be used, copied and distributed. Choosing and applying one is software licencing.
- Commercial software 商业软件 is sold: the buyer pays for a licence, receives no source code, and may not modify or redistribute it. The product is proprietary 专有.
- Open-source 开源 software publishes its source code; users may read, modify and redistribute it under the licence's conditions.
- Freeware 免费软件 costs nothing and may be passed on, but no source code is released and it may not be modified. Shareware 共享软件 is free for a trial period or with limited features; the user then pays to keep using the full version.
Four kinds of licence, and open source splits again
软件许可证
- 软件许可证(software licence)是规定一款软件可以怎样使用、复制和分发的法律协议。选择并应用一种许可证就是软件授权。
- 商业软件(commercial software)是出售的:买家为许可证付费,不获得源代码,不得修改或再分发。产品是专有的(proprietary)。
- 开源(open-source)软件公开源代码;用户可以在许可证条件下阅读、修改和再分发它。
- 免费软件(freeware)不收费且可以传播,但不发布源代码,不得修改。共享软件(shareware)在试用期内或功能受限时免费;之后用户付费继续使用完整版。
四种许可证,开源再分两支
Risk and responsibility lab · 风险与责任实验室
Sort examples by the rule, risk or protection involved. · 根据所涉及的规则、风险或保护措施对示例进行排序。
Match each licence type to its key feature. · 将每种许可类型与其主要特征匹配。
Commercial = paid/closed; open-source = source available and modifiable; freeware = free but closed. · 商业许可=付费/闭源；开源=源码可用且可修改；免费软件=免费但闭源。
Free software, open source, permissive, copyleft
- The Free Software Foundation (FSF) defines free software as free as in freedom, not price: the user may run the program for any purpose, study and change it, redistribute copies and distribute modified versions. So the source code must be available, and a fee may still be charged for a copy.
- The Open Source Initiative (OSI) defines open source by its licence: the source code is available and may be modified and redistributed. The exam marks FSF and OSI as distinct answers.
- Permissive 宽松许可 licences such as MIT and BSD allow almost any use. Copyleft 著佐权 licences such as the GPL require modified versions to be released under the same licence: share-alike.
自由软件、开源、宽松、著佐权
- 自由软件基金会(FSF)把自由软件定义为自由的"自由",不是价格的"免费":用户可以为任何目的运行程序,研究和修改它,再分发副本,并分发修改后的版本。所以源代码必须可得,而副本仍可收费。
- 开源促进会(OSI)用许可证定义开源:源代码可得,并可在其许可证下修改和再分发。考试把 FSF 和 OSI 当作不同的答案评分。
- MIT 和 BSD 这样的宽松许可(permissive)几乎允许任何用途。GPL 这样的著佐权(copyleft)许可要求修改版必须以同一许可证发布:相同方式共享。
Open-source software means: · 开源软件意味着：
Open-source publishes the source so the community can read, modify and redistribute it (under the licence terms). · 开源发布源代码以便社区可以读取、修改和重新分发（根据许可条款）。
A copyleft licence such as the GPL requires that: · 像GPL这样的Copyleft许可要求：
Copyleft ("share-alike") forces derivative works to keep the same open licence; permissive licences (MIT/BSD) do not. · Copyleft（“相同条件”）强制衍生作品保持相同的开放许可；宽松许可（MIT/BSD）则不然。
The Free Software Foundation's "free" means free as in ____, not free of charge. · 自由软件基金会的“自由”指的是自由，而非免费。
Users may run, study, change and redistribute the program; a copy may still be sold. The OSI's open source definition is about the licence terms instead. · 用户可以运行、研究、更改和重新分发程序；副本仍可出售。OSI的开源定义关注的是许可条款。
Worked example: describe shareware and commercial software
- Shareware is distributed free for a trial, a limited time or limited features, and the user pays to continue using the full version. The programmer reaches many users cheaply and converts some to paying customers.
- Commercial software is sold for a fee; the source code is not supplied; the licence protects the developer's intellectual property; and the fee usually buys support and updates.
- Each description is two or three separate facts. "You pay for it" alone is one mark at most.
例题:描述共享软件和商业软件
- 共享软件以试用形式免费分发——限时或功能受限——用户付费后继续使用完整版。程序员以低成本触达许多用户,并把其中一些转化为付费客户。
- 商业软件收费出售;不提供源代码;许可证保护开发者的知识产权;费用通常包含支持和更新。
- 每个描述是两三个分开的事实。单独的"你要为它付钱"最多一分。
How does shareware differ from freeware? · 共享软件与免费软件有何不同？
Freeware is free with no source; shareware is free only for a trial, then requires payment. · 免费软件是免费的且无源码；共享软件仅试用免费，之后需付费。
Worked example: a game to sell to the public
- A programmer has written a game to sell. Identify the most appropriate licence and justify it.
- A commercial licence. The game is sold for a fee, so the programmer earns from every copy; the source code is not released, so nobody can copy the game or change it and sell it as their own.
- The licence protects the intellectual property, and buyers receive updates and support.
- Open source would not fit: the source would be available, so the game could be copied and redistributed free, and the programmer would earn nothing.
例题:一款面向公众出售的游戏
- 一名程序员写了一款游戏准备出售。指出最合适的许可证并论证。
- 商业许可证。游戏收费出售,所以程序员从每份副本赚钱;源代码不发布,所以没人能复制游戏,或改动后当作自己的出售。
- 许可证保护知识产权,买家获得更新和支持。
- 开源不合适:源代码会可得,游戏可能被免费复制和再分发,程序员什么也赚不到。
Worked example: why open source might not suit this program
- A program reads product labels aloud for shoppers. Explain why an open source licence might not be appropriate.
- The source code would be accessible, so anyone could change it. A changed version might output the wrong product information, so shoppers could buy the wrong item or one they are allergic to.
- The programmer would lose control over the quality and safety of what is distributed under the program's name.
- The other direction is also examined: programs are released as open source so that other developers can improve and extend them and the software spreads quickly at no cost.
例题:为什么开源可能不适合这个程序
- 一个程序为购物者朗读商品标签。解释为什么开源许可证可能不合适。
- 源代码会可以访问,所以任何人都能修改它。修改后的版本可能输出错误的商品信息,购物者可能买错东西或买到自己过敏的东西。
- 程序员会失去对以该程序名义分发的东西的质量和安全的控制。
- 反方向也会考:程序以开源发布,是为了让其他开发者改进和扩展它,让软件以零成本快速传播。
Releasing the label-reading program as open source guarantees that every version shoppers use gives correct information. · 将该标签读取程序作为开源发布，能保证购物者使用的每个版本都提供正确信息。
The opposite: anyone could change the code and distribute a version that reads labels wrongly, and the programmer would have no control over it. · 相反：任何人都可以更改代码并分发一个读取标签错误的版本，而程序员将无法控制它。
Choosing from the developer's goal
- Revenue per user and control of the code: commercial.
- The widest reach and improvement by a community: open source.
- Free distribution to build an audience, then a paid full version: shareware. Free to use but the code kept private: freeware.
- Justify by linking the licence's features to the developer's goal, the user's needs and the use case.
从开发者的目标出发选择
- 按用户收费并控制代码:商业。
- 最广的传播和社区改进:开源。
- 免费分发以积累受众,再推付费完整版:共享软件。免费使用但代码保密:免费软件。
- 论证时把许可证的特性与开发者的目标、用户的需求和使用场景联系起来。
Match each developer's goal to the licence that serves it. · 将每个开发者的目标与为其服务的许可匹配。
The licence follows the goal: revenue, reach, conversion, or free distribution without giving up the code. · 许可跟随目标：收入、覆盖面、转化或在不放弃代码的情况下免费分发。
Marks that slip away
- Copyright is automatic. "Register it for copyright" is wrong; registration belongs to patents.
- Freeware is not open source. Free of charge, yes; source code, no.
- Shareware is not "free software". It is a trial that ends in a payment.
- FSF and OSI are two different bodies with two different definitions. Name the one the question asks for.
容易丢掉的分
- 版权是自动的。"为它登记版权"是错的;登记属于专利。
- **免费软件不是开源。**不收费,是;源代码,没有。
- 共享软件不是"自由软件"。它是以付费结束的试用。
- FSF 和 OSI 是两个不同的团体、两个不同的定义。说出题目问的那一个。
You've got it
- copyright is the automatic, long-lasting right to control copying, distribution and modification of the program as written; a patent protects an idea and must be granted
- commercial: paid, no source, no changes · open source: source published, modify and share · freeware: free, no source · shareware: trial, then pay
- FSF free software = the four freedoms; OSI open source = the licence; permissive allows anything, copyleft keeps derivatives under the same licence
- justify a licence from the developer's goal: revenue and control, reach and community, or a free trial that converts
你掌握了
- 版权是自动、长期的权利,控制写出来的程序的复制、分发和修改;专利保护想法且必须被授予
- 商业:付费、无源码、不可改 · 开源:源码公开、可改可分享 · 免费软件:免费、无源码 · 共享软件:试用,然后付费
- FSF 自由软件 = 四项自由;OSI 开源 = 许可证;宽松允许一切,著佐权让衍生版保持同一许可证
- 从开发者的目标论证许可证:收益和控制、传播和社区,或能转化的免费试用