Period 4: 1800 to 1848
AP United States History Topic 4 8:58 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
Chapters
Transcript
In 1825 a canal opens, and a bag of wheat that took three weeks to reach a city now takes eight days at a tenth of the cost.
1825 年，一条运河通航， 一袋原本要三周才能运到城市的小麦， 现在八天就能到，成本只有原来的十分之一。
Everything follows from that.
一切都由此展开。
Farms specialise, factories find buyers, towns become cities.
农场走向专业化，工厂找到了买家，城镇变成了城市。
And the same network that tied the country together economically pulled it further apart politically, because it did not reach every region equally.
而同一张把这个国家在经济上连结起来的网络， 在政治上却把它推得更远， 因为它并没有平等地覆盖每一个地区。
Jefferson's era and the courts come first, and the courts established the primacy of the judiciary in constitutional interpretation.
先说杰斐逊时代与法院，法院确立了司法在宪法解释上的首要地位。
National parties continued to debate the tariff, the bank, and internal improvements — arguments about how much power the national government should have.
全国性政党继续争论关税、银行和内部改良—— 这些都是关于国家政府应有多大权力的争论。
The Supreme Court settled part of that argument.
最高法院解决了其中一部分。
Judicial review made the judiciary the body that decides what the Constitution means, and those decisions generally strengthened federal power over the states.
司法审查使司法机构成为决定宪法含义的机关， 而这些判决总体上加强了联邦对州的权力。
Expansion began early.
扩张开始得很早。
After the Louisiana Purchase the government sought influence over the West, sending expeditions and negotiating with American Indian nations.
路易斯安那购地之后，政府寻求对西部的影响， 派出探险队，并与美洲原住民国家谈判。
Politics, regions, and the world stage, next.
接下来是政治、区域与世界舞台。
As the country grew, regional interests diverged.
随着国家扩大，地区利益分道扬镳。
The North favoured tariffs to protect manufacturing.
北方赞成关税以保护制造业。
The South opposed them as a tax on its exports.
南方反对关税，把它看成对自己出口的征税。
The West wanted internal improvements and cheap land.
西部想要内部改良和廉价土地。
Nearly every political dispute of the period maps onto that triangle.
这一时期几乎每一场政治争端都落在这个三角上。
Give the three sides when you explain a tariff fight, a bank fight, or a roads-and-canals fight.
解释关税、银行或道路运河之争时，把三边都写出来。
Abroad, the United States struggled to create an independent global presence.
在海外，美国努力建立独立的国际地位。
It fought the War of 1812, expanded foreign trade, and in the Monroe Doctrine declared the Western Hemisphere closed to further European colonisation.
它打了1812年战争，扩大了对外贸易， 并在门罗主义中宣布西半球不再接受欧洲进一步殖民。
That was an assertion of influence well beyond the country's actual power at the time.
那是一次远超当时国力的影响力主张。
Write the gap between the claim and the power.
把主张与实力之间的差距写出来。
The exam rewards it.
考试会为此给分。
The market revolution is a chain, so learn it as one.
市场革命是一条链，所以就把它当成一条链来学。
Legislation and the courts supported roads, canals and railroads.
立法和法院支持修建公路、运河和铁路。
Those extended and enlarged markets, and fostered regional interdependence.
这些延伸并扩大了市场，也促成了区域间的相互依赖。
Wider markets produced regional specialisation: increasing Southern cotton production, and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking and shipping.
更广阔的市场带来了区域专业化： 南方棉花产量不断增加， 与之相关的是北方制造业、银行业和航运业的发展。
But here is the detail that decides the next period.
但下面这个细节决定了下一个时期。
Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than they linked regions in the South.
交通网络把北方与中西部连结得更紧密， 胜过它们与南方各地区的连结。
The sections were economically joined and physically separated at the same time.
各区域在经济上被连在一起，在地理上却被分开——同时发生。
Growth reached some people and not others, and the College Board says so in two words.
增长惠及了一部分人，而不是所有人， 考试委员会用两个词说明了这一点。
Manufacturing drove a significant increase in prosperity and standards of living for some.
制造业带来了繁荣和生活水平的显著提高——"对一部分人而言"。
That produced a larger middle class, a small but wealthy business elite, and a large and growing population of laboring poor — three groups from one process, and the third is as much a result as the first two.
由此产生了更大的中产阶级、 一个人数不多但富有的商业精英群体， 以及一个庞大且不断增长的劳工穷人群体—— 三个群体来自同一个过程， 而第三个和前两个一样，都是结果。
Meanwhile increasing numbers of Americans stopped relying on semi-subsistence farming and produced goods for distant markets, and gender and family roles changed with an ideal that separated public and private spheres.
与此同时，越来越多的美国人不再依赖半自给农业， 转而为远方市场生产商品， 性别与家庭角色也随着一种把公共领域与私人领域分开的理想而改变。
One consequence deserves naming: the separation of home and workplace, which changed what a family was for.
有一个后果值得点名：家庭与工作场所的分离，它改变了家庭的功能。
The market revolution changed how people lived, not just what they produced.
市场革命改变了人们的生活方式，而不只是他们生产什么。
Immigration rose sharply, especially from Ireland and Germany, producing both a larger labour force and organised nativist hostility.
移民急剧增加，尤其来自爱尔兰和德国， 既扩大了劳动力，也激起了有组织的排外敌意。
Urbanisation accelerated, with the social problems that followed.
城市化加速，随之而来的是社会问题。
Work moved out of the household and into factories and offices.
工作离开家庭，进入工厂和办公室。
Mills produced a growing middle class and a new wage-earning working class, even as an ideology assigned women a domestic role.
工厂造就了不断扩大的中产阶级和新的雇佣劳动者阶级， 尽管一种意识形态仍把女性放在家庭角色上。
Expanding democracy and Jackson: suffrage widened into a more participatory democracy for white men.
民主的扩展与杰克逊：选举权扩大，形成了白人男性参与度更高的民主。
Suffrage expanded from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, accompanied by the growth of political parties.
选举权从以财产所有权为基础， 扩展到所有成年白人男性都可以投票， 并伴随着政党的成长。
Write that boundary, because it is the CED's own wording and it is where the evaluation lives: in several states free Black men lost rights in the very years white men gained them.
要把这个界限写出来，因为这是考试大纲自己的措辞， 而评价正是在这里： 在若干个州，自由黑人男性恰恰在白人男性获得权利的那些年里失去了权利。
The parties that grew were the Democrats under Jackson and the Whigs under Clay, and they disagreed about the national bank, tariffs and federally funded internal improvements — three versions of one question about the role and powers of the federal government.
成长起来的政党是杰克逊领导的民主党和克莱领导的辉格党， 他们在国民银行、关税和联邦出资的内部改良上意见不一—— 这是同一个问题的三种版本： 联邦政府的角色与权力应该是什么。
Andrew Jackson embodied and tested the new mass politics.
安德鲁·杰克逊既体现、也考验了新的大众政治。
His presidency featured a war on the national bank, the nullification crisis over the tariff, and the Indian Removal Act — the forced removal of southeastern nations along what became known as the Trail of Tears.
他的总统任期包括对国民银行的战争、围绕关税的废止危机， 以及印第安人迁移法——东南部原住民族被迫迁徙， 那条路后来被称为血泪之路。
The widening of democracy for white men had a cost, and removal is the place to name it.
白人男性民主的扩大是有代价的，迁移就是把这个代价写出来的地方。
Religion, reform, and American culture belong together.
宗教、改革与美国文化要放在一起看。
The Seneca Falls Convention of eighteen hundred and forty-eight is the landmark, and a distinctly American art, literature, and architecture grew alongside the reform movements.
一八四八年的塞内卡福尔斯会议是标志性事件， 而一种明显美国式的艺术、文学与建筑，也随改革运动一同生长。
Reform did not appear from nowhere.
改革不是凭空出现的。
Democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, market change and greater mobility contributed to the Second Great Awakening among Protestants.
民主与个人主义信念、对理性主义的反应、 市场变化和更大的人口流动性， 共同促成了新教徒中的第二次大觉醒。
That supplied reform's premise: people and society could be perfected.
它为改革提供了前提：人和社会是可以被完善的。
From it came voluntary organisations aiming to change individual behaviour and improve society — temperance, abolition, education, and a women's rights movement that expressed its ideals at Seneca Falls.
由此产生了各种志愿组织， 旨在改变个人行为、改善社会—— 禁酒、废奴、教育， 以及在塞尼卡福尔斯表达其理想的女权运动。
And the limits came with it: abolitionist movements gradually achieved emancipation in the North, even as many state governments restricted African Americans' rights.
而局限也随之而来： 废奴运动在北方逐步实现了解放， 与此同时，许多州政府却限制了非裔美国人的权利。
Both halves belong in the answer.
两半都要写进答案。
And American Indian nations were relocated westward as the cotton frontier advanced.
而随着棉花边疆向前推进，印第安民族被迁往西部。
And in the South, an environmental fact turned into a political one.
而在南方，一个环境事实变成了政治事实。
As overcultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders began relocating their plantations to more fertile lands west of the Appalachians, where the institution continued to grow.
随着过度耕种耗尽了东南部的可耕地， 奴隶主开始把种植园迁往阿巴拉契亚山以西更肥沃的土地， 奴隶制在那里继续扩大。
Two more things to hold.
还有两点要记住。
Although the majority of Southerners owned no enslaved persons, most leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life.
尽管南方大多数人并不拥有被奴役者， 多数领袖却主张奴隶制是南方生活方式的一部分。
And because expansion carried slavery west, every new territory now raised the question of whether it would go there.
而由于扩张把奴隶制带向西部， 每一块新领土现在都提出了一个问题：奴隶制是否会进入那里。
That is what turns westward growth into the central national conflict of the next period.
这就是西进从一种增长， 变成下一个时期核心国家冲突的原因。
Antislavery effort in the South was largely limited to unsuccessful rebellions by enslaved people, which were met with harsher laws and tighter control.
南方的反奴隶制努力，大体上局限于被奴役者未能成功的起义， 而起义换来的是更严酷的法律和更紧的控制。
Enslaved and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect themselves: family and kinship networks, religious practice, music, and covert resistance.
被奴役的和自由的非裔美国人建立了保护自己的社群与策略： 家庭与亲属网络、宗教实践、音乐，以及隐蔽的抵抗。
That is a continuation of the pattern from Period 2, not a new invention of this one.
这是第二时期模式的延续，而不是这一时期的新发明。
The period's reasoning skill is causation.
本时期的推理技能是因果关系。
The 2023 exam set the long essay: evaluate the extent to which commercial development changed United States society from 1800 to 1855.
二零二三年的考试出了长论文： 评价商业发展在一八零零到一八五五年在多大程度上改变了美国社会。
A high-scoring thesis takes a position on how much, and names the areas of change.
高分论点既要在"多大程度"上表态，又要指出改变发生在哪些方面。
To a great extent, it created a wage-earning working class and a distinct middle class in the North and drew the West into national markets, though in the South it deepened rather than displaced a slave-based agricultural order.
在很大程度上，它在北方造就了雇佣劳动者阶级和独特的中产阶级， 并把西部拉进全国市场，尽管在南方它加深而不是取代了 以奴隶制为基础的农业秩序。
Evaluate the extent rewards a qualified position.
"评价程度"奖励有限定的立场。
A thesis that merely says commercial development changed society a lot cannot be argued.
只说商业发展"大大改变了社会"的论点无法展开论证。
Five things to take with you.
带走五点。
One: transport, markets, specialisation, social change — the market revolution is a chain.
第一：交通、市场、专业化、社会变迁——市场革命是一条链。
Two: for some is the whole distributional argument, so quote it.
第二："对一部分人而言"就是整个分配论证，所以要引用它。
Three: all adult white men — write the boundary, and note that free Black men lost rights in the same years.
第三：所有成年白人男性——写出这个界限， 并指出自由黑人男性在同样的年代失去了权利。
Four: the revival supplied the belief that people and society could be perfected, which is where reform comes from.
第四：宗教复兴提供了"人和社会可以被完善"的信念， 改革正是从这里来的。
Five: expansion carried slavery west, and that is what makes it the central conflict.
第五：扩张把奴隶制带向西部，这才使它成为核心冲突。
Now try the practice questions below.
现在去做下面的练习题。