Who Came to the Cities
A workforce enlarged two ways
- The industrial workforce expanded and became more diverse through internal and international migration.
- Two sources — internal and international — and the CED names them together as one process.
- So the labour force of 6.7 and the migrants of 6.8 are the same people described from two angles.
Select both sources of workforce expansion.
Named together as one process.
Where they came from, and why
- As cities became areas of economic growth featuring new factories and businesses, they attracted immigrants from Asia and southern and eastern Europe, as well as African American migrants within and out of the South.
- Many migrants moved to escape poverty, religious persecution, and limited opportunities for social mobility in their home countries or regions.
- Three push factors, and the CED applies the same sentence to international migrants and to African Americans leaving the South.
Select all three push factors the CED names.
The same sentence covers international migrants and African Americans leaving the South.
Neighbourhoods as opportunity
- Urban neighbourhoods based on particular ethnicities, races, and classes provided new cultural opportunities for city dwellers.
- Provided new cultural opportunities — the CED describes segregation of settlement as producing something, not only as a limitation.
- That is a deliberate framing, and reproducing it is more accurate than reading such neighbourhoods only as ghettos.
A push, a pull, or what the city offered?
Sort each element of urban migration.
The CED says ethnic neighbourhoods...
A deliberate framing, worth reproducing.
The CED says ethnic neighbourhoods provided new cultural opportunities. Settlement by ethnicity, race and class is framed as producing something for city dwellers, not only as a limitation — reproducing that framing is more accurate than reading such neighbourhoods only as constraint.
Match each factor to its kind.
Both adjectives are graded by the objective.
Cultural and economic factors together
- The objective is how cultural and economic factors affected migration patterns over time, and both adjectives are graded.
- Economic: factories, businesses, and limited opportunities for social mobility at home.
- Cultural: religious persecution as a push, and ethnic neighbourhoods as a pull once a community exists.
A migration ____ has a shape: where from, where to, and why.
State the shape once; the rest is evidence.
Patterns, not just numbers
- Migration patterns asks about where from, where to, and why — a pattern has a shape.
- The shape here: from regions of poverty and persecution, to cities with factories, into neighbourhoods organised by ethnicity, race and class.
- State the shape in one sentence and the rest of the answer is evidence for it.
A street where the shops, the paper, the church and the union hall all speak one language is a constraint on where you may live and a resource for how you may live. Both are true, and the second is why people chose it.
The industrial workforce expanded and became more diverse through internal and international migration. As cities became areas of economic growth featuring new factories and businesses, they attracted immigrants from Asia and southern and eastern Europe, as well as African American migrants within and out of the South. Many migrants moved to escape poverty, religious persecution, and limited opportunities for social mobility, and urban neighbourhoods based on particular ethnicities, races, and classes provided new cultural opportunities for city dwellers.