A Republic Among Rivals
Diplomacy with empires still present
- The U.S. government forged diplomatic initiatives aimed at dealing with the continued British and Spanish presence in North America, as U.S. settlers migrated beyond the Appalachians and sought free navigation of the Mississippi River.
- Continued presence is the point: independence did not empty the continent of empires.
- And the two named colonial objectives — land beyond the mountains, and a river outlet — are what the diplomacy was for.
Select both settler objectives the CED's diplomacy served.
Independence did not empty the continent of empires.
A European war divides Americans
- War between France and Britain resulting from the French Revolution presented challenges to the United States over issues of free trade and foreign policy and fostered political disagreement.
- So the first great foreign-policy question of the republic was which side, if any, and it produced domestic division.
- That is the direct link to the party formation in this same subtopic.
Select all four issue areas that produced the parties.
The CED derives parties from issues, not personalities.
Spain in California, and an ambiguous relationship
- The Spanish, supported by the bonded labour of the local American Indians, expanded their mission settlements into California; these provided opportunities for social mobility among soldiers and led to new cultural blending.
- An ambiguous relationship between the federal government and American Indian tribes contributed to problems regarding treaties and American Indian legal claims relating to the seizure of their lands.
- Ambiguous is the CED's own diagnosis: the legal status of tribes was unresolved, and that unresolved status produced the disputes.
Foreign relations, native relations, or domestic politics?
Sort each element of the new republic's first decade.
Match each party to its leaders, per the CED.
Most significantly, in the CED's own phrase.
The CED derives parties from issues, not personalities. Leaders took positions on the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order — and this led to the parties, so an answer built on Hamilton-versus-Jefferson as a rivalry has skipped the CED's own explanation.
Select both cautions in Washington's Farewell Address.
They match the two developments of this subtopic exactly.
Institutions, then parties
- During the presidential administrations of George Washington and John Adams, political leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the Constitution into practice.
- Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties — most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
- The CED derives parties from issues, not from personalities, and it names four issue areas.
The CED calls the federal-tribal relationship ____, and that is its diagnosis of the disputes.
The legal status of tribes was unresolved.
And a warning about both
- George Washington's Farewell Address encouraged national unity, as he cautioned against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances.
- Two cautions, and they match the two developments in this subtopic exactly: parties at home, entanglement abroad.
- So the Address is best read as a comment on 3.10 itself, not as a general piece of advice.
Four questions arrive at once: how strong the centre should be, what to do about debt, whose side to take in someone else's war, and how much order liberty can stand. Anyone who answers all four the same way as you is now your party.
The U.S. government forged diplomatic initiatives aimed at dealing with the continued British and Spanish presence in North America, while war between France and Britain... presented challenges over free trade and foreign policy and fostered political disagreement. An ambiguous relationship between the federal government and American Indian tribes contributed to problems regarding treaties and... the seizure of their lands. Leaders' positions on four issue areas led to the formation of political parties — most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison — and Washington's Farewell Address... cautioned against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances.