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HSK 3 Grammar
  • 11 Verb phrases

    Original teaching practice. Read one pattern, cover its model and try the questions before checking the separate answer section. Examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA) retain the course-reference provenance.

    difficult / hard难nán + Verb (unpleasant to …)

    The canteen's new dish

    • You try the canteen's new soup. It is salty and cold.
    • this这个zhè ge汤太难tāng tài nánto shout喝hē(completed / change)了le! — "This soup tastes awful!" difficult / hard难nán + a sense verb = unpleasant to …

    difficult / hard难nán + sense verb

    • unpalatable难吃nán chī, difficult / hard难nánto shout喝hē, ugly难看nán kàn, unpleasant to hear难听nán tīng, unpleasant smell难闻nán wén = bad-tasting (food), bad-tasting (drinks), ugly, unpleasant to hear, bad-smelling.
    • They work like adjectives: degree / adjective linker很hěnugly难看nán kàn, too太tàiunpleasant to hear难听nán tīng(completed / change)了le. The opposites start with good好hǎo: to be fond of eating好吃hǎo chī, tasty (drinks)好喝hǎo hē, good-looking好看hǎo kàn, pleasant to hear好听hǎo tīng, 好闻hǎo wén.

    this这zhè(measure word)首shǒusong歌gēvery很hěnunpleasant to hear难听nán tīng。

    难 + verb: hard to … (tastes, writes …)

    difficult / hard难nán + other verbs: hard to …

    • With most other verbs, difficult / hard难nán means "difficult to": this这个zhè geletter字zìdegree / adjective linker很hěndifficult / hard难nánto write写xiě。 — "This character is hard to write."
    • he / him他tā(modifier / structural particle)的dequestion问题wèn tí很难hěn nánto reply回答huí dá。 — "His question is hard to answer."

    his他tā的dequestion问题wèn tívery很hěnhard to难nánanswer回答huí dá。

    Unpleasant versus difficult

    • unpalatable难吃nán chī means it tastes bad, not that it is hard to eat; ugly难看nán kàn means ugly, not hard to see.
    • to feel unwell难受nán shòu is a feeling: "feel unwell, upset": I / me我wǒheadache头疼tóu téng,degree / adjective linker很hěnto feel unwell难受nán shòu.

    difficult / hard难nán + Verb versus no good不好bù hǎo + Verb

    • not不bùto be fond of eating好吃hǎo chī is milder: "not tasty". unpalatable难吃nán chī is stronger: "awful".
    • no good不好bù hǎoto write写xiě (not easy to write) is similar to 很难hěn nánto write写xiě, but softer.

    this这zhè(measure word)个gedish菜càinot不bùtasty好吃hǎo chī。

    Recap

    • difficult / hard难nán + sense verb (unpalatable难吃nán chī, ugly难看nán kàn, unpleasant to hear难听nán tīng, unpleasant smell难闻nán wén, difficult / hard难nánto shout喝hē) = unpleasant to that sense; opposite good好hǎo + verb.
    • difficult / hard难nán + other verbs = hard to do: 难写nán xiě, difficult / hard难nánto reply回答huí dá. to feel unwell难受nán shòu = feel bad.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Verb + (completed / change)了le + Duration (did for a length of time)

    How long did you wait?

    • Your friend was very late for lunch, and now she asks how long you waited.
    • I / me我wǒto wait for等děng(completed / change)了leyou你nǐ一个yí gèhour小时xiǎo shí! — "I waited for you for an hour!"

    Verb + (completed / change)了le + Duration

    • Subject + Verb + (completed / change)了le + duration = did it for that long (finished): I / me我wǒto sleep睡shuì(completed / change)了le八个bā gèhour小时xiǎo shí, 他学tā xué(completed / change)了le两年liǎng nián.
    • The duration comes after the verb, as in English "slept eight hours", never before it.

    I我wǒsleep睡shuì了leeight八个bā gèhours小时xiǎo shí。

    Verb + 了 + time span: how long

    With an object: two patterns

    • Duration before the object noun: 他学tā xué(completed / change)了le三年sān niánChinese language中文zhōng wén。 — "He studied Chinese for three years."
    • Or repeat the verb: 他学tā xuéto hit (the mark)中zhōngliterature文学wén xué(completed / change)了le三年sān nián。 A person object (you你nǐ, he / him他tā) goes before the duration: I / me我wǒto wait for等děng(completed / change)了leyou你nǐ一个yí gèhour小时xiǎo shí.

    he他tāstudy学xuéChinese中文Zhōng wénstudy学xué了lethree years三年sān nián。

    Where the duration goes

    • Duration after the verb: 我学wǒ xué(completed / change)了le两年liǎng nián, not I / me我wǒ两年liǎng nián学了xué le.
    • With a noun object, do not put the duration last: 我学wǒ xué(completed / change)了le两年liǎng niánChinese language中文zhōng wén or 我学wǒ xuéto hit (the mark)中zhōngliterature文学wén xué(completed / change)了le两年liǎng nián, not 我学wǒ xué(completed / change)了leChinese language中文zhōng wén两年liǎng nián.

    Finished, or still going?

    • Verb + (completed / change)了le + duration with no final (completed / change)了le reports a finished period: I / me我wǒat / in在zàiBeijing, capital of the…北京běi jīngto live住zhù(completed / change)了le两年liǎng nián — "I lived in Beijing for two years (then left)."
    • Adding a final (completed / change)了le says it is still going on; that pattern is the next lesson.

    I我wǒin在zàiBeijing北京Běi jīnglive住zhù了letwo years两年liǎng nián。

    Recap

    • Verb + (completed / change)了le + duration = did it for that long: to wait for等děng(completed / change)了le一个yí gèhour小时xiǎo shí.
    • With an object: 学了xué le三年sān niánChinese language中文zhōng wén or 学中xué zhōngliterature文学wén xué(completed / change)了le三年sān nián; a pronoun object comes before the duration: to wait for等děng(completed / change)了leyou你nǐ一个yí gèhour小时xiǎo shí.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Verb + (completed / change)了le + Duration + (completed / change)了le (have been …-ing)

    Still waiting

    • Your friend phones to ask where you are. You are still in the café where you have been since two o'clock.
    • I / me我wǒto wait for等děng(completed / change)了leyou你nǐ两个liǎng gèhour小时xiǎo shí(completed / change)了le! — "I've been waiting for you for two hours (and I'm still here)!"

    Verb + (completed / change)了le + Duration + (completed / change)了le

    • The final (completed / change)了le says the period lasts up to now and may continue: 我学wǒ xué(completed / change)了le三年sān niánChinese language中文zhōng wén(completed / change)了le — "I've been studying Chinese for three years."
    • Without it, the period is over: 我学wǒ xué(completed / change)了le三年sān niánChinese language中文zhōng wén — "I studied Chinese for three years."

    I我wǒstudy学xué了lethree years三年sān niánChinese中文Zhōng wén了le。

    Verb + 了 + time span + 了: and still going

    How long so far

    • he / him他tāat / in在zàihere这儿zhè érto work工作gōng zuò(completed / change)了le十年shí nián(completed / change)了le。 — "He has worked here for ten years (and still does)."
    • Asking: you你nǐ学中xué zhōngliterature文学wén xué(completed / change)了le多长时间duō zhǎng shí jiān(completed / change)了le? — "How long have you been learning Chinese?"

    he他tāat在zàihere这儿zhèrwork工作gōng zuò了leten years十年shí nián了le。

    One (completed / change)了le or two

    • Two (completed / change)了le = still going: to live住zhù(completed / change)了le两年liǎng nián(completed / change)了le (I still live here). One (completed / change)了le = finished: to live住zhù(completed / change)了le两年liǎng nián (I moved away).
    • The duration still goes after the verb: 学了xué le三年sān nián(completed / change)了le, not 三年sān niánto learn学xué(completed / change)了le(completed / change)了le.

    With already已经yǐ jīng

    • already已经yǐ jīng often comes in front to stress the length: I / me我wǒalready已经yǐ jīngto wait for等děng(completed / change)了le一个yí gèhour小时xiǎo shí(completed / change)了le。 — "I've already been waiting an hour."
    • The meaning of the two (completed / change)了le does not change; already已经yǐ jīng just adds emphasis.

    I我wǒalready已经yǐ jīngwait等děng了leone一个yí gèhour小时xiǎo shí了le。

    Recap

    • Verb + (completed / change)了le + duration + (completed / change)了le = have been doing it for that long, up to now.
    • One (completed / change)了le = a finished period; two (completed / change)了le = still going. already已经yǐ jīng adds emphasis.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ + Verb (no way to / can't)

    The shop is closed

    • Your friend asks you to buy a cake on the way home, but every bakery has closed for the holiday.
    • store商店shāng diànall / both都dōuto close a door关门guān mén(completed / change)了le,I / me我wǒnot / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎto buy买mǎicake蛋糕dàn gāo。 — "The shops are all shut; there's no way I can buy a cake."

    Subject + not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ + Verb

    • not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ + Verb = "there's no way to …, can't (because the situation does not allow it)".
    • It goes before the verb phrase: I / me我wǒnot / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎto help帮bāngyou你nǐ, he / him他tānot / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎto come来lái.

    sorry对不起duì bu qǐ,I我wǒhave no way to没办法méi bàn fǎhelp帮bāngyou你nǐ。

    没办法: no way to

    On its own: "nothing can be done"

    • As a short reply: A: to rain下雨xià yǔ(completed / change)了le,competition (sports etc)比赛bǐ sàito cancel取消qǔ xiāo(completed / change)了le。 B: not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ。 — "Oh well, nothing we can do."
    • With erhua variant of 一点一点儿yì diǎn ér for emphasis: I / me我wǒerhua variant of 一点一点儿yì diǎn érmeans办法bàn fǎall / both都dōunot have / haven't没有méi yǒu。 — "I'm completely out of ideas."

    I我wǒa bit一点儿yì diǎnrway办法bàn fǎ(at all)都dōuhave not没有méi yǒu。

    Circumstances, not skill

    • not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ means the situation blocks you; for a skill you lack, use improbable不会bú huì: I / me我wǒimprobable不会bú huìswimming游泳yóu yǒng.
    • Keep not / haven't没méi (not not不bù): not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ, not not不bùmeans办法bàn fǎ.

    not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ versus cannot不能bù néng

    • cannot不能bù néng is the general "can't / not allowed": here这里zhè lǐcannot不能bù néngto smoke (a cigarette…抽烟chōu yān — "You can't smoke here."
    • not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ suggests you have tried or thought about it and found no way: I / me我wǒnot / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎconnection联系lián xìhe / him他tā — "I have no way of contacting him."

    I我wǒhave no way to没办法méi bàn fǎcontact联系lián xìhim他tā。

    Recap

    • not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ + Verb = there's no way to …, the situation does not allow it.
    • Alone, not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ = "nothing can be done". A missing skill is improbable不会bú huì; a rule is cannot不能bù néng.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Verb reduplication (do a bit / give it a try)

    Can I try it on?

    • You see a jacket you like in a shop and want to try it before deciding.
    • I / me我wǒcan / may可以kě yǐ试试shì shì这件zhè jiànclothes衣服yī fú(yes/no ?)吗ma? — "Can I try on this jacket?" Doubling the verb makes it light and casual.

    One-syllable verbs: VV, Vone / a一yīV

    • V + V or V + one / a一yī + V = do it a little, give it a try: to take a look at看看kàn kàn / to have a look看一看kàn yī kàn, 尝尝cháng cháng / 尝一尝cháng yī cháng.
    • The second syllable is said lightly. The effect is softer and friendlier than the bare verb.

    you你nǐtaste尝cháng(a bit)一yitaste尝changthis这个zhè gedish菜cài。

    A doubled verb: try a little

    Two-syllable verbs: ABAB

    • A two-syllable verb doubles as a whole: rest休息xiū xī → rest休息xiū xīrest休息xiū xī, to introduce (sb to sb)介绍jiè shào → to introduce (sb to sb)介绍jiè shàoto introduce (sb to sb)介绍jiè shào, to discuss讨论tǎo lùn → to discuss讨论tǎo lùnto discuss讨论tǎo lùn.
    • we / us我们wǒ mento discuss讨论tǎo lùnto discuss讨论tǎo lùnthis这个zhè gequestion问题wèn tí(suggestion)吧ba。 — "Let's talk this over a bit."

    you你nǐtired累lèi了le,rest休息xiū xirest休息xiū xi吧ba。

    Verbs ABAB, adjectives AABB

    • Two-syllable verbs repeat as ABAB (rest休息xiū xīrest休息xiū xī), not AABB (to rest休xiūrest休息xiū xībreath息xī); AABB is for adjectives (干干净净gān gān jìng jìng).
    • Doubling adds "a bit", so do not add a duration as well: to take a look at看看kàn kàn, or to see看kàna moment一会儿yī huì er, not to take a look at看看kàn kàna moment一会儿yī huì er.

    Past tense: V(completed / change)了leV

    • For a short completed action, put (completed / change)了le in the middle: he / him他tāto see看kàn(completed / change)了leto see看kànwatch (timepiece)表biǎo,then / just就jiùto walk走zǒu(completed / change)了le。 — "He glanced at his watch and left."
    • Two-syllable verbs rarely take (completed / change)了le inside; use the plain verb + (completed / change)了le + (used after a verb) give it…一下yī xià: we / us我们wǒ mento discuss讨论tǎo lùn(completed / change)了le(used after a verb) give it…一下yī xià.

    he他tālook看kàn了lelook看kanwatch表biǎo,then就jiùleave走zǒu了le。

    Recap

    • VV / Vone / a一yīV (to take a look at看看kàn kàn, to have a look看一看kàn yī kàn) and ABAB (rest休息xiū xīrest休息xiū xī) = do a bit, give it a try; softer and casual.
    • Completed: V(completed / change)了leV (to see看kàn(completed / change)了leto see看kàn). Adjectives double as AABB, verbs as ABAB.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    degree / adjective linker很hěn + Verb (feeling verbs with degree / adjective linker很hěn)

    How much do you like it?

    • A new friend asks whether you like Chinese food. You really do.
    • I / me我wǒdegree / adjective linker很hěnto like喜欢xǐ huanvariant of 吃吃chīChina中国zhōng guóvegetable菜cài。 — "I really like Chinese food."

    degree / adjective linker很hěn + feeling verb

    • Verbs of feeling and wanting take degree words just like adjectives: degree / adjective linker很hěnto like喜欢xǐ huan, 很想hěn xiǎng, degree / adjective linker很hěnanxious担心dān xīn, degree / adjective linker很hěnto hope希望xī wàng, degree / adjective linker很hěnto love爱ài.
    • degree / adjective linker很hěn goes right before the verb: I / me我wǒdegree / adjective linker很hěnhomesick想家xiǎng jiā — "I miss home very much."

    I我wǒvery much很hěnmiss想xiǎnghome家jiā。

    很 / 非常 + feeling verb: how much

    Other degree words work too

    • I / me我wǒvery非常fēi chánganxious担心dān xīnhe / him他tā。 — "I'm extremely worried about him."
    • we / us我们wǒ menall / both都dōudegree / adjective linker很hěnto hope希望xī wàngyou你nǐcan / be able to能néngto come来lái。 — "We all very much hope you can come."

    we我们wǒ menall都dōuvery much很hěnhope希望xī wàngyou你nǐcan能néngcome来lái。

    Feeling verbs only

    • Ordinary action verbs do not take degree / adjective linker很hěn: degree / adjective linker很hěnvariant of 吃吃chī, degree / adjective linker很hěnto run跑pǎo, degree / adjective linker很hěnto go去qù are wrong. Say variant of 吃吃chī(degree marker)得de很多hěn duō, to run跑pǎo(degree marker)得de很快hěn kuài.
    • Put degree / adjective linker很hěn before the verb, not the object: degree / adjective linker很hěnto like喜欢xǐ huanthis这zhè本书běn shū, not to like喜欢xǐ huandegree / adjective linker很hěnthis这zhè本书běn shū.

    很想hěn xiǎng + Verb = really want to

    • want / think / miss想xiǎng + another verb means "want to"; 很想hěn xiǎng strengthens it: I / me我wǒdegree / adjective linker很hěnwant / think / miss想xiǎngto go去qùto take a look at看看kàn kàn。 — "I'd really like to go and have a look."
    • 很会hěn huì + Verb = "be good at": he / him他tā很会hěn huìto prepare a meal做饭zuò fàn — "He's a great cook."

    he他tāvery很hěngood at会huìcooking做饭zuò fàn。

    Recap

    • degree / adjective linker很hěn + feeling verb (to like喜欢xǐ huan, want / think / miss想xiǎng, anxious担心dān xīn, to hope希望xī wàng, to love爱ài) = like / want / worry … very much.
    • Action verbs do not take degree / adjective linker很hěn; use a (degree marker)得de complement instead. 很会hěn huì = good at.

    Practise this pattern step by step.

    Practice without the models

    difficult / hard难nán + Verb (unpleasant to …)

    0305.1 Complete: “This colour is ugly.” this这个zhè gecolor颜色yán sèdegree / adjective linker很hěn…………。

    0305.2 Match each word to its meaning.

      1. unpalatable难吃nán chī
      1. unpleasant to hear难听nán tīng
      1. 难写nán xiě
      1. to feel unwell难受nán shòu
    • A. sounds unpleasant

    • B. hard to write

    • C. feel unwell

    • D. tastes bad

    0305.3 Which is the mildest way to say the food is not good?

    • A. not不bùto be fond of eating好吃hǎo chī。
    • B. too太tàiunpalatable难吃nán chī(completed / change)了le。
    • C. unpalatable难吃nán chīextremely极了jí le。
    • D. degree / adjective linker很hěnunpalatable难吃nán chī。

    0305.4 Build: “His question is hard to answer.”

    Arrange all chunks: degree / adjective linker很hěn / to reply回答huí dá。 / he / him他tā(modifier / structural particle)的dequestion问题wèn tí / difficult / hard难nán

    0305.5 You try the canteen's new soup. It is salty and cold. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    Write or say your own response before reading the key.

    Verb + (completed / change)了le + Duration (did for a length of time)

    0306.1 Complete: “I slept for ten hours yesterday.” I / me我wǒyesterday昨天zuó tiānto sleep睡shuì…………十个shí gèhour小时xiǎo shí。

    0306.2 Which says “She studied piano for five years.”?

    • A. 她学tā xuépiano钢琴gāng qín五年wǔ nián(completed / change)了leto learn学xué。
    • B. 她学tā xué(completed / change)了lepiano钢琴gāng qín五年wǔ nián。
    • C. she / her她tā五年wǔ nián学了xué lepiano钢琴gāng qín。
    • D. 她学tā xué(completed / change)了le五年wǔ niánpiano钢琴gāng qín。

    0306.3 Build: “I waited for you for an hour.”

    Arrange all chunks: I / me我wǒ / to wait for等děng(completed / change)了le / 一个yí gèhour小时xiǎo shí。 / you你nǐ

    0306.4 I / me我wǒat / in在zàiBeijing, capital of the…北京běi jīngto live住zhù(completed / change)了le两年liǎng nián can describe a stay that has ended.

    True or false? Explain or repair the statement.

    0306.5 Your friend was very late for lunch, and now she asks how long you waited. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    Write or say your own response before reading the key.

    Verb + (completed / change)了le + Duration + (completed / change)了le (have been …-ing)

    0307.1 You still live here: “I've lived here for five years.” I / me我wǒat / in在zàihere这儿zhè érto live住zhù(completed / change)了le五年wǔ nián…………。

    0307.2 Which sentence means the person still works at the bank?

    • A. he / him他tā三年sān niánat / in在zàibank银行yín hángto work工作gōng zuò。
    • B. he / him他tāat / in在zàibank银行yín hángto work工作gōng zuò(completed / change)了le三年sān nián(completed / change)了le。
    • C. he / him他tāat / in在zàibank银行yín háng三年sān niánto work工作gōng zuò(completed / change)了le。
    • D. he / him他tāat / in在zàibank银行yín hángto work工作gōng zuò(completed / change)了le三年sān nián。

    0307.3 Build: “I've already been waiting for an hour.”

    Arrange all chunks: to wait for等děng(completed / change)了le / 一个yí gèhour小时xiǎo shí(completed / change)了le。 / already已经yǐ jīng / I / me我wǒ

    0307.4 我学wǒ xué(completed / change)了le三年sān niánChinese language中文zhōng wén and 我学wǒ xué(completed / change)了le三年sān niánChinese language中文zhōng wén(completed / change)了le mean exactly the same.

    True or false? Explain or repair the statement.

    0307.5 Your friend phones to ask where you are. You are still in the café where you have been since two o'clock. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    Write or say your own response before reading the key.

    not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ + Verb (no way to / can't)

    0308.1 Complete: “The phone has no signal; I can't call you.” cell phone手机shǒu jīnot have / haven't没有méi yǒusignal信号xìn hào,I / me我wǒ…………to / for / give给gěiyou你nǐto make a telephone call打电话dǎ diàn huà。

    0308.2 Which says “I can't swim (I never learned).”?

    • A. I / me我wǒswimming游泳yóu yǒngnot / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ。
    • B. I / me我wǒnot不bùmeans办法bàn fǎswimming游泳yóu yǒng。
    • C. I / me我wǒnot / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎswimming游泳yóu yǒng。
    • D. I / me我wǒimprobable不会bú huìswimming游泳yóu yǒng。

    0308.3 Build: “Sorry, there's no way I can help you.”

    Arrange all chunks: ,I / me我wǒ / not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ / I'm sorry对不起duì bù qǐ / to help帮bāngyou你nǐ。

    0308.4 not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ can be a complete reply meaning “nothing can be done”.

    True or false? Explain or repair the statement.

    0308.5 Your friend asks you to buy a cake on the way home, but every bakery has closed for the holiday. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    Write or say your own response before reading the key.

    Verb reduplication (do a bit / give it a try)

    0309.1 Double the verb to see看kàn to say “Let me have a look.” to let / make让ràngI / me我wǒ…………。

    0309.2 Which is the correct doubled form of rest休息xiū xī?

    • A. rest休息xiū xībreath息xī
    • B. to rest休xiūrest休息xiū xībreath息xī
    • C. rest休息xiū xīrest休息xiū xī
    • D. to rest休xiūrest休息xiū xī

    0309.3 Build: “He glanced at his watch and left.”

    Arrange all chunks: ,then / just就jiù / to see看kàn(completed / change)了leto see看kànwatch (timepiece)表biǎo / he / him他tā / to walk走zǒu(completed / change)了le。

    0309.4 you你nǐ尝尝cháng cháng sounds softer than you你nǐold variant of 尝尝cháng.

    True or false? Explain or repair the statement.

    0309.5 You see a jacket you like in a shop and want to try it before deciding. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    Write or say your own response before reading the key.

    degree / adjective linker很hěn + Verb (feeling verbs with degree / adjective linker很hěn)

    0310.1 Complete: “I miss my mum very much.” I / me我wǒ…………want / think / miss想xiǎngI / me我wǒmama妈妈mā mā。

    0310.2 Which sentence is correct?

    • A. he / him他tādegree / adjective linker很hěnto like喜欢xǐ huan(cooked) rice米饭mǐ fàn。
    • B. he / him他tādegree / adjective linker很hěnvariant of 吃吃chī(cooked) rice米饭mǐ fàn。
    • C. he / him他tā(cooked) rice米饭mǐ fàndegree / adjective linker很hěnto like喜欢xǐ huanvariant of 吃吃chīdegree / adjective linker很hěn。
    • D. he / him他tāto like喜欢xǐ huandegree / adjective linker很hěn(cooked) rice米饭mǐ fàn。

    0310.3 Build: “We all very much hope you can come.”

    Arrange all chunks: degree / adjective linker很hěnto hope希望xī wàng / you你nǐ / can / be able to能néngto come来lái。 / we / us我们wǒ menall / both都dōu

    0310.4 he / him他tā很会hěn huìto prepare a meal做饭zuò fàn means “He is very good at cooking.”

    True or false? Explain or repair the statement.

    0310.5 A new friend asks whether you like Chinese food. You really do. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.

    Write or say your own response before reading the key.

    Answers and explanations

    difficult / hard难nán + Verb (unpleasant to …)

    0305.1 ugly难看nán kàn

    ugly难看nán kàn = unpleasant to look at, ugly.

    0305.2 1–D: unpalatable难吃nán chī = tastes bad; 2–A: unpleasant to hear难听nán tīng = sounds unpleasant; 3–B: 难写nán xiě = hard to write; 4–C: to feel unwell难受nán shòu = feel unwell

    With sense verbs difficult / hard难nán means unpleasant; with other verbs it means hard to do; to feel unwell难受nán shòu is a feeling.

    0305.3 A. not不bùto be fond of eating好吃hǎo chī。

    not不bùto be fond of eating好吃hǎo chī is milder than unpalatable难吃nán chī.

    0305.4 he / him他tā(modifier / structural particle)的dequestion问题wèn tí很难hěn nánto reply回答huí dá。

    Topic + degree / adjective linker很hěn + difficult / hard难nán + verb.

    0305.5 One possible response: this这个zhè ge汤太难tāng tài nánto shout喝hē(completed / change)了le!

    Check meaning and form:

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • unpalatable难吃nán chī means it tastes bad, not that it is hard to eat; ugly难看nán kàn means ugly, not hard to see.
    • to feel unwell难受nán shòu is a feeling: "feel unwell, upset": I / me我wǒheadache头疼tóu téng,degree / adjective linker很hěnto feel unwell难受nán shòu.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.

    Verb + (completed / change)了le + Duration (did for a length of time)

    0306.1 (completed / change)了le

    Verb + (completed / change)了le + duration.

    0306.2 D. 她学tā xué(completed / change)了le五年wǔ niánpiano钢琴gāng qín。

    The duration goes between (completed / change)了le and the noun object.

    0306.3 I / me我wǒto wait for等děng(completed / change)了leyou你nǐ一个yí gèhour小时xiǎo shí。

    A pronoun object comes before the duration.

    0306.4 True.

    With no final (completed / change)了le, the period is reported as complete.

    0306.5 One possible response: I / me我wǒto wait for等děng(completed / change)了leyou你nǐ一个yí gèhour小时xiǎo shí!

    Check meaning and form:

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • Duration after the verb: 我学wǒ xué(completed / change)了le两年liǎng nián, not I / me我wǒ两年liǎng nián学了xué le.
    • With a noun object, do not put the duration last: 我学wǒ xué(completed / change)了le两年liǎng niánChinese language中文zhōng wén or 我学wǒ xuéto hit (the mark)中zhōngliterature文学wén xué(completed / change)了le两年liǎng nián, not 我学wǒ xué(completed / change)了leChinese language中文zhōng wén两年liǎng nián.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.

    Verb + (completed / change)了le + Duration + (completed / change)了le (have been …-ing)

    0307.1 (completed / change)了le

    The final (completed / change)了le shows it continues up to now.

    0307.2 B. he / him他tāat / in在zàibank银行yín hángto work工作gōng zuò(completed / change)了le三年sān nián(completed / change)了le。

    Two (completed / change)了le = still going.

    0307.3 I / me我wǒalready已经yǐ jīngto wait for等děng(completed / change)了le一个yí gèhour小时xiǎo shí(completed / change)了le。

    already已经yǐ jīng + verb + (completed / change)了le + duration + (completed / change)了le.

    0307.4 False.

    The first is a finished period; the second continues up to now.

    0307.5 One possible response: I / me我wǒto wait for等děng(completed / change)了leyou你nǐ两个liǎng gèhour小时xiǎo shí(completed / change)了le!

    Check meaning and form:

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • Two (completed / change)了le = still going: to live住zhù(completed / change)了le两年liǎng nián(completed / change)了le (I still live here). One (completed / change)了le = finished: to live住zhù(completed / change)了le两年liǎng nián (I moved away).
    • The duration still goes after the verb: 学了xué le三年sān nián(completed / change)了le, not 三年sān niánto learn学xué(completed / change)了le(completed / change)了le.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.

    not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ + Verb (no way to / can't)

    0308.1 not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ

    The situation blocks the call, so not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ + verb.

    0308.2 D. I / me我wǒimprobable不会bú huìswimming游泳yóu yǒng。

    A skill you have not learned takes improbable不会bú huì.

    0308.3 I'm sorry对不起duì bù qǐ,I / me我wǒnot / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎto help帮bāngyou你nǐ。

    Subject + not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ + verb phrase.

    0308.4 True.

    It is a common short reply when a situation cannot be changed.

    0308.5 One possible response: store商店shāng diànall / both都dōuto close a door关门guān mén(completed / change)了le,I / me我wǒnot / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎto buy买mǎicake蛋糕dàn gāo。

    Check meaning and form:

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ means the situation blocks you; for a skill you lack, use improbable不会bú huì: I / me我wǒimprobable不会bú huìswimming游泳yóu yǒng.
    • Keep not / haven't没méi (not not不bù): not / haven't没méimeans办法bàn fǎ, not not不bùmeans办法bàn fǎ.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.

    Verb reduplication (do a bit / give it a try)

    0309.1 to take a look at看看kàn kàn

    VV or Vone / a一yīV makes it a light “have a look”.

    0309.2 C. rest休息xiū xīrest休息xiū xī

    Two-syllable verbs repeat as ABAB.

    0309.3 he / him他tāto see看kàn(completed / change)了leto see看kànwatch (timepiece)表biǎo,then / just就jiùto walk走zǒu(completed / change)了le。

    V(completed / change)了leV for a brief completed action.

    0309.4 True.

    Doubling makes an invitation light and friendly.

    0309.5 One possible response: I / me我wǒcan / may可以kě yǐ试试shì shì这件zhè jiànclothes衣服yī fú(yes/no ?)吗ma?

    Check meaning and form:

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • Two-syllable verbs repeat as ABAB (rest休息xiū xīrest休息xiū xī), not AABB (to rest休xiūrest休息xiū xībreath息xī); AABB is for adjectives (干干净净gān gān jìng jìng).
    • Doubling adds "a bit", so do not add a duration as well: to take a look at看看kàn kàn, or to see看kàna moment一会儿yī huì er, not to take a look at看看kàn kàna moment一会儿yī huì er.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.

    degree / adjective linker很hěn + Verb (feeling verbs with degree / adjective linker很hěn)

    0310.1 degree / adjective linker很hěn

    Feeling verbs such as want / think / miss想xiǎng take degree / adjective linker很hěn.

    0310.2 A. he / him他tādegree / adjective linker很hěnto like喜欢xǐ huan(cooked) rice米饭mǐ fàn。

    degree / adjective linker很hěn + feeling verb is correct; an action verb such as variant of 吃吃chī does not take degree / adjective linker很hěn.

    0310.3 we / us我们wǒ menall / both都dōudegree / adjective linker很hěnto hope希望xī wàngyou你nǐcan / be able to能néngto come来lái。

    all / both都dōu + degree / adjective linker很hěn + feeling verb + clause.

    0310.4 True.

    很会hěn huì + verb = be good at doing it.

    0310.5 One possible response: I / me我wǒdegree / adjective linker很hěnto like喜欢xǐ huanvariant of 吃吃chīChina中国zhōng guóvegetable菜cài。

    Check meaning and form:

    • My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
    • I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
    • Ordinary action verbs do not take degree / adjective linker很hěn: degree / adjective linker很hěnvariant of 吃吃chī, degree / adjective linker很hěnto run跑pǎo, degree / adjective linker很hěnto go去qù are wrong. Say variant of 吃吃chī(degree marker)得de很多hěn duō, to run跑pǎo(degree marker)得de很快hěn kuài.
    • Put degree / adjective linker很hěn before the verb, not the object: degree / adjective linker很hěnto like喜欢xǐ huanthis这zhè本书běn shū, not to like喜欢xǐ huandegree / adjective linker很hěnthis这zhè本书běn shū.
    • I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.

    This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.

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