複合文型

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19 複合文型
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19.1
除了 … (以外) — "except" or "besides"

This word has two opposite meanings depending on its partner. besides除了chú le X (apart from以外yǐ wài) sets X aside; then the adverb in the second clause determines what happens to it. With all / both都dōu, X is excluded ("everyone except X"); with still / also还hái / also也yě, X is included and added to ("besides X, also …"). The apart from以外yǐ wài is optional.

Structure: 除了 + X (+ 以外) ，Subject + 都 / 也 / 还 …

except for除了chú lehim他tāwe，我们wǒ menall都dōuhave been去过qù guo。

Except for him, we've all been there.

besides除了chú leChinese中文Zhōng wénhe，他tāalso还háican会huìspeak说shuōJapanese日语Rì yǔ。

Besides Chinese, he also speaks Japanese.

remember: the second word flips the meaning. besides除了chú le…all / both都dōu = "except" (X is excluded); besides除了chú le…still / also还hái / also也yě = "besides" (X stays, plus more). Read the all / both都dōu / still / also还hái before deciding which sense of "besides除了chú le" applies.

Watch out

apart from以外yǐ wài (or outside之外zhī wài) is optional and changes nothing.
19.2
如果 … 的话 — "if"

if如果rú guǒ … if (coming after a…的话de huà wraps a condition — "if …." Think of if (coming after a…的话de huà as a spoken bracket that closes the if-clause: if如果rú guǒ opens it, if (coming after a…的话de huà shuts it. The if (coming after a…的话de huà is conversational and optional — and it can appear even without if如果rú guǒ.

Structure: 如果 + Condition + 的话，(就) + Result

if如果rú guǒtomorrow明天míng tiānrains下雨xià yǔ的话de huàwe，我们wǒ menthen就jiùnot不bùgo去qù了le。

If it rains tomorrow, we won't go.

not不bùwant to想xiǎnggo去qùif的话de huàthen就jiùdon't别biégo去qù了le。

If you don't feel like going, then don't.

remember: if如果rú guǒ and if (coming after a…的话de huà form a pair of brackets around the condition — and Chinese allows using either or both. You can drop both and simply imply "if": to be occupied with sth有事yǒu shìto / for / give给gěiI / me我wǒto make a telephone call打电话dǎ diàn huà ("call me if anything comes up").

Watch out

if (coming after a…的话de huà is conversational — fine to omit it and keep just if如果rú guǒ … then / just就jiù ….
19.3
如果 … 就 … — "if … then …"

The core conditional structure is if如果rú guǒ … then / just就jiù … — "if A, then B." Key placement rule: then / just就jiù goes in the second clause, introducing the result — not next to if如果rú guǒ.

Structure: 如果 + Condition ，就 + Result

if如果rú guǒhave有yǒudifficulty困难kùn nánthen，就jiù给gěime我wǒcall打电话dǎ diàn huà。

If you run into any trouble, then call me.

if如果rú guǒhe他tāknew知道zhī dàothen，那nàhe他tāsurely一定yí dìngwould会huìtell告诉gào sume我wǒ。

If he knew, he'd surely tell me.

remember: if如果rú guǒ opens the "if," then / just就jiù opens the "then" — and then / just就jiù always accompanies the result, attaching to its verb. that那nà(variant of 么么me) can substitute for then / just就jiù with an "in that case" nuance.

Watch out

Don't place then / just就jiù next to if如果rú guǒ — it belongs in the second clause, before its verb.
19.4
不但 … 而且 … — "not only … but also …"

not only (... but also ...)不但bù dàn … moreover而且ér qiě … stacks a second, stronger point onto the first — "not only A, but also B." Both parts share the same subject, and B should extend further than A (more extreme, more surprising).

Structure: Subject + 不但 + A ，而且 + B

this这个zhè gething东西dōng xinot only不但bú dànexpensive贵guìbut also，而且ér qiěhard难nánto buy买mǎi。

This thing is not only expensive, but also hard to get.

this这道zhè dàodish菜càinot only不但bú dànpretty好看hǎo kànalso，也yětasty好吃hǎo chī。

This dish isn't only pretty, it's tasty too.

ポイント： not only (... but also ...)不但bù dàn＝「〜だけでなく」、moreover而且ér qiě＝「〜しかも」であり、BはAを(bound form) up上shàngvariant of 回回huíる（エスカレートさせる、Japanese variant of 单単dānにto reel silk from cocoons繰zǎoりto return (to)返fǎnすだけではない）necessary必要bì yàoがあります。moreover而且ér qiěはalso也yě / still / also还háiとfreedom自由zì yóuにto exchange交換jiāo huànmaybe / possible可能kě néngで、「not only (... but also ...)不但bù dàn…also也yě…」「not only (... but also ...)不但bù dàn…still / also还hái…」といったto appear形xíngもto make使shǐえます。

Watch out

Japanese variant of 两両liǎngsquare方fāngのjoint節jiéでsubject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔを1つにto unify統一tǒng yīしてください（he / him他tānot only (... but also ...)不但bù dàn…，moreover而且ér qiě…）。もしsubject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔがJapanese variant of 变変biànわるsituation場合chǎng héは、not only (... but also ...)不但bù dànをsubject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔのfront前qiánにto install置zhìきます（not only (... but also ...)不但bù dàn他来tā lái(completed / change)了le，moreover而且ér qiě…）。