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HSK 3文法
  • 1 形容詞
    1.1

    形容词 + 极了 — “…to the max”(极了)

    When something is off the charts — the best, the worst, the most you've ever seen — tack extremely极了jí le (jíle) onto the adjective. extremely极jí means "the furthest point, the extreme" (it's the extremely极jí of the North Pole北极běi jí, the North Pole), so 好极了hǎo jí le reads literally as "good — all the way to the pole." It works for praise and complaints alike, and it lives in casual, spoken Chinese.

    Unusually for a degree phrase, extremely极了jí le clamps straight onto the adjective with no (degree marker)得de — and the (completed / change)了le is welded on: drop it and the sentence is simply wrong.

    Structure: Subject + Adjective + 极了 Literally: "[subject is] adjective — to the extreme."

    this这个zhè geidea主意zhǔ yigood好hǎoextremely极了jí le。

    This idea is perfect.

    the college exam高考gāo kǎothat day那天nà tiānI,我wǒnervous紧张jǐn zhāngextremely极了jí le。

    I was incredibly nervous on the day of the gaokao.

    that那个nà geboy男孩nán háiannoying讨厌tǎo yànextremely极了jí le!

    *That boy is unbelievably annoying!"

    Remember: extremely极jí = pole, the furthest point(the North Pole北极běi jí = North Pole)。好极了hǎo jí le pushes "good" all the way to the pole — and extremely极jí never travels without its (completed / change)了le。

    Watch out

    • The (completed / change)了le is non-negotiable: 好极了hǎo jí le ✓, never 好极hǎo jí。
    • No (degree marker)得de — it attaches bare(好极了hǎo jí le), unlike most degree complements(good好hǎo(degree marker)得dedegree / adjective linker很hěn)。
    • extremely极了jí le already carries the emphasis, so don't pile on degree / adjective linker很hěn or very非常fēi cháng: 好极了hǎo jí le, never degree / adjective linker很hěn好极了hǎo jí le。
    1.2

    形容词重叠 — doubling adjectives for warmth (AA / AABB)

    Repeat an adjective and it turns soft, warm, and vivid — less a cold fact, more a fond little picture. This doubling runs all through friendly, natural Chinese, especially for physical descriptions: colours, sizes, shapes.

    A one-syllable adjective doubles as AA, usually with (modifier / structural particle)的de before the noun — see 大夫大dà("big")→ 大大的dà dà de("nice and big, big and round"):

    Structure: A + A + 的 (+ Noun)

    the baby宝宝bǎo bao的deeyes眼睛yǎn jīngbig and round大大的dà dà de。

    The baby has big, round eyes.

    tonight今晚jīn wǎn的demoon月亮yuè liàngnice and round圆圆的yuán yuán de。

    The moon is lovely and round tonight.

    A two-syllable adjective doubles as AABB — repeat each character, not the whole word: happy高兴gāo xìng → cheerful and optimistic高高兴兴gāo gāo xìng xìng, clean干净gān jìng → 干干净净gān gān jìng jìng, comfortable舒服shū fú → comfortable舒舒服服shū shū fú fú. Used as an adverb, the AABB form takes (adverb -ly)地de before the verb:

    I我wǒwant to想xiǎngcomfortably舒舒服服shū shū fú fú地delie躺tǎngon在zàithe sofa沙发上shā fā shàng。

    ソファでくつろいでharsh and unreasonable横héngたわりたいだけです。

    ポイント: 二重化èr chóng huàはsoft柔róuらかくwarm温wēnかいニュアンスをto add添tiānえる — 大大的dà dà deeye眼睛yǎn jīng (dà dà de yǎnjing) はJapanese variant of 单単dānなる「see 大夫大dàきなeye目mù」ではなく、parents-in-law of one's…親qīnがsweet甘gān々old variant of 话话huàvariant of 说说shuōすような「adorable可愛kě àiいsee 大夫大dàきなeye目mù」という愛着ài zheをto keep in the mouth含hánんだto show表現biǎo xiànです。AA + (modifier / structural particle)的de はnoun名詞míng cíにto pay付fùきます;AABB + (adverb -ly)地de はverb動詞dòng cíに(grammar) modifier修飾語xiū shì yǔとしてto make使shǐわれます。

    Watch out

    • すべてのto describe形容xíng róngword詞cíが二重化èr chóng huàするわけではありません — to be fond of eating好吃hǎo chī (hǎochī)、cheap便宜pián yi (piányi)、trouble麻烦má fán (máfan) は good好hǎoto be fond of eating好吃hǎo chīvariant of 吃吃chī / used in 便宜便biàncheap便宜pián yiproper宜yí / trouble麻煩má fántrouble麻煩má fán とはwords言yánいません。Japanese variant of 实実shíborder際jìにto make使shǐわれているto appear形xíngをto confirm確認què rènするまでは、same一般yì bān(modifier / structural particle)的deなthe body身体shēn tǐ(modifier / structural particle)的de・physics物理wù lǐ(modifier / structural particle)的deなto write an account (of…記述jì shùword詞cíにold variant of 留留liúめてください。
    • 二重化èr chóng huàされたto describe形容xíng róngword詞cíはすでにto emphasize (a statement)強調qiáng diàoされています — ahead前面qián miànに degree / adjective linker很hěn をto install置zhìかないでください(degree / adjective linker很hěnslowly慢慢màn màn はmistake誤wùりです)。
    1.3

    形容词 + 地 + 动词 — 形容詞を「-ly」副詞にする(地)

    movement動作dòng zuòのやりsquare方fāngをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoすsituation場合chǎng hé、 particle (adverb -ly)地de (de) をto describe形容xíng róngword詞cíのback後hòuにto install置zhìいてください。これがChina中国zhōng guóto tell to語yǔにおける 「-ly」 にあたります。happy高兴gāo xìng (gāoxìng, 「fortunate幸xìngせな」) → happy高兴gāo xìng(adverb -ly)地de (gāoxìngde, 「fortunate幸xìngせそうに」);conscientious认真rèn zhēn (rènzhēn, 「true identity真面目zhēn miàn mùな」) → conscientious认真rèn zhēn(adverb -ly)地de (rènzhēnde, 「true identity真面目zhēn miàn mùに」)。secondary副fùwords and sentences詞句cí jùはcertainly必bìずverb動詞dòng cíのfront前qiánにto come来láiます。

    Structure: Adjective + 地 + Verb straight直zhíJapanese variant of 译訳yì:「fortunate幸xìngせそうに — to laugh笑xiàoった」。

    he他tāhappy高兴gāo xìng地desmiled笑xiào了le。

    that彼bǐはamusement嬉xīしそうにto laugh笑xiàoった。

    the teacher老师lǎo shīcareful认真rèn zhēn地deread看kàn了lemy我的wǒ deessay作文zuò wén。

    teacher先生xiān shēngはpersonal私sīのto write an essay作文zuò wénをenthusiastic熱心rè xīnにJapanese variant of 读読dúんだ。

    ポイント: (adverb -ly)地de = "-ly"。three三sānつの de はJapanese variant of 发発fāsound音yīnがsee 胡同同tóngじですがforced labor役yìto cut割gēがdifferent異yìなります。(modifier / structural particle)的de はnoun名詞míng cíをto decorate修飾xiū shìする(I / me我wǒ(modifier / structural particle)的debook书shū)、(adverb -ly)地de はverb動詞dòng cíをto decorate修飾xiū shìする(slowly慢慢màn màn(adverb -ly)地deto walk走zǒu)、(degree marker)得de はoutcome結果jié guǒをto evaluate評定píng dìngする(to run跑pǎo(degree marker)得derapid快kuài)。この (adverb -ly)地de のleft side左側zuǒ cèには earth土tǔ(つち)というradical of a Chinese…部首bù shǒuがついていますが、これはsecondary副fùword詞cíがverb動詞dòng cíのOK / to walk行xíngいsquare方fāngを「floor地面dì miànにroot根gēnざして」variant of 说説shuōbright明míngしているイメージをto imagine想像xiǎng xiàngしてください。

    Watch out

    • この (adverb -ly)地de は dì ではなく de とJapanese variant of 读読dúみます — (modifier / structural particle)的de や (degree marker)得de とsee 胡同同tóngじsound音yīnですが、different異yìなるfunction機能jī néngをto hold持chíちます。
    • secondary副fùwords and sentences詞句cí jùはverb動詞dòng cíのfront前qiánにto come来láiますので、back後hòuろにはto come来láiません。

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