"If"の文型

school学校xué xiàoのnews新聞xīn wéntowards向xiàngけに(bound form) river川chuān cleanup（to tidy up清掃qīng sǎo）にvariant of 关関guānするshort短duǎnいto keep a record of events記事jì shìをbook書shūいている。who誰shuí一人yī rénto participate参加cān jiāしなければどうなるか、Japanese variant of 读読dú(after a verb or adjective)…者zhěにto imagine想像xiǎng xiàngさせたい。friend友人yǒu rénとの会話huì huàではカジュアルな「if」でvery十分shí fēnだが、to keep a record of events記事jì shìではよりフォーマルなto show表現biǎo xiànがnecessary必要bì yàoである。

if假使jiǎ shǐ …… ，then / just就jiù …… — 「もし〜なら、〜すれば」

「if假使jiǎ shǐ（jiǎshǐ）」は「もし」「Japanese variant of 假仮fǎnに」「just in case万一wàn yī～したsituation場合chǎng héに」をmeaning意味yì wèiする。Japanese variant of 假仮fǎnto fix定dìngcondition条件tiáo jiànをto open (transitive or…開kāiき、そのback後hòuのjoint節jiéでoutcome結果jié guǒをto show示shìす。「then / just就jiù（jiù）」をoutcome結果jié guǒのfront前qiánにto install置zhìくのがsame一般yì bān(modifier / structural particle)的deであり、article文章wén zhāngto harmonize調diàoをto emphasize (a statement)強調qiáng diàoしたいsituation場合chǎng héは「used in 便宜便biàn（biàn）」をto use / with用yòngいる。「if如果rú guǒ（rúguǒ）」「if假如jiǎ rú（jiǎrú）」「if倘若tǎng ruò（tǎngruò）」もsee 胡同同tóngJapanese variant of 样様yàngのnormally論理lùn lǐをto hold持chíつ。to disobey違wéiいはowner主zhǔにgenre of writing文体wén tǐのhard硬yìngさ、つまりlanguage文wénのフォーマルさである。

to appear形xíng

if假使jiǎ shǐ + condition条件tiáo jiàn ，(then / just就jiù / used in 便宜便biàn) + outcome結果jié guǒ

「if假使jiǎ shǐ」after之后zhī hòuto receive接jiēcondition条件tiáo jiàn，then / after然后rán hòuto add加jiācomma (punct.)逗号dòu hào，再接zài jiēoutcome结果jié guǒ。「then / just就jiù」maybe或huò「used in 便宜便biàn」regular通常tōng chángto place in置于zhì yúoutcome结果jié guǒverb动词dòng cíbefore之前zhī qián。to seem若ruòoutcome结果jié guǒclause (grammar)分句fēn jùto have / there is有yǒuoneself自己zì jǐ(modifier / structural particle)的desubject (in grammar)主语zhǔ yǔ，(literary) (conjunction…则zésubject (in grammar)主语zhǔ yǔat / in在zàifront前qián。to seem若ruòoutcome结果jié guǒto use使用shǐ yòng「can / will会huì」「can / be able to能néng」to wait for等děngauxiliary verb助动词zhù dòng cí，「then / just就jiù」maybe或huò「used in 便宜便biàn」to answer应yīngto place in置于zhì yúshould该gāiauxiliary verb助动词zhù dòng cíbefore之前zhī qián。「used in 便宜便biàn」and / with与yǔ「then / just就jiù」meaning (implicit in a…含义hán yìidentical相同xiāng tóng，to be / is是shì「then / just就jiù」(modifier / structural particle)的dein writing书面shū miànto correspond (to)对应duì yìngword词cí。brief (statement, summary…简短jiǎn duǎn问句wèn jùto hit (the mark)中zhōngsometimes有时yǒu shícan / will会huìto leave out省略shěng lüèthis此cǐsign标记biāo jì，because因为yīn wèi「if假使jiǎ shǐ」already已yǐto hint暗示àn shì「if如果rú guǒ」。but但dànat / in在zàicomplete完整wán zhěngsentence pattern (in…句型jù xíngto hit (the mark)中zhōng，still仍réngto require需xūto keep保留bǎo liú「then / just就jiù」maybe或huò「used in 便宜便biàn」。

例文lì wén

if假使jiǎ shǐtomorrow明天míng tiānsuddenly突然tū ránto become cooler降温jiàng wēn，park (for public recreation)公园gōng yuánli, ancient measure of…里lǐ(modifier / structural particle)的deflower花huāthen / just就jiùcan / will会huì受冻shòu dòng。

if假使jiǎ shǐtomorrow明天míng tiānsuddenly突然tū ránto become cooler降温jiàng wēn，park (for public recreation)公园gōng yuánli, ancient measure of…里lǐ(modifier / structural particle)的deflower花huāthen / just就jiùcan / will会huì受冻shòu dòng。tomorrow明日míng rìair temperature气温qì wēnsuddenly骤然zhòu ránto decline下降xià jiàngif (coming after a…的话de huà，park (for public recreation)公园gōng yuánli, ancient measure of…里lǐ(modifier / structural particle)的deflowers and plants花卉huā huìauxiliary verb introducing…将会jiāng huìto suffer遭受zāo shòu(agriculture) freezing…冻害dòng hài。

if假使jiǎ shǐyou你nǐat once当时dāng shíto listen to听tīng(completed / change)了ledoctor医生yī shēng(modifier / structural particle)的deto propose建议jiàn yì，you你nǐ(modifier / structural particle)的dethe body身体shēn tǐused in 便宜便biànimprobable不会bú huìso much这么zhè meweak虚弱xū ruò。

if假使jiǎ shǐyou你nǐat once当时dāng shíto listen to听tīng(completed / change)了ledoctor医生yī shēng(modifier / structural particle)的deto propose建议jiàn yì，you你nǐ(modifier / structural particle)的dethe body身体shēn tǐused in 便宜便biànimprobable不会bú huìso much这么zhè meweak虚弱xū ruò。at once当时dāng shíto listen and obey听从tīng cóng(completed / change)了ledoctor医生yī shēng(modifier / structural particle)的deto propose建议jiàn yìif (coming after a…的话de huà，you你nǐ(modifier / structural particle)的de身体状况shēn tǐ zhuàng kuàngroot本běnimprobable不会bú huìlike this如此rú cǐdelicate孱弱chán ruò。

第一句dì yī jùto point towards指向zhǐ xiàngfuture未来wèi lái。to fall rapidly骤降zhòu jiàngmerely只是zhǐ shìto suppose假设jiǎ shè，对花duì huā(modifier / structural particle)的deto injure伤害shāng hàihereby由此yóu cǐto arise产生chǎn shēng。第二句dì èr jùto look back回顾huí gùnot yet未wèito accept采纳cǎi nà(modifier / structural particle)的deto propose建议jiàn yì。weak虚弱xū ruòto be / is是shìimmediately当下dāng xià(modifier / structural particle)的defact事实shì shí，but但dànsentence句子jù zito express表述biǎo shù(modifier / structural particle)的deto be / is是shì“to seem若ruònot to have无wúthis matter此事cǐ shì”(modifier / structural particle)的decontrary反fǎnfact事实shì shícondition状态zhuàng tài。this这zhèreally isn't并非bìng fēireality现实xiàn shíto hit (the mark)中zhōng(modifier / structural particle)的de“see 差点差一点chà yì diǎn”，rather而是ér shìpure纯粹chún cuì(modifier / structural particle)的deto imagine虚拟xū nǐto contrast对照duì zhào。“if假使jiǎ shǐ”to desire将jiāngoutcome结果jié guǒto place in置于zhì yúto suppose假设jiǎ shèsituation情境qíng jìngto hit (the mark)中zhōng；this place此处cǐ chù“used in 便宜便biàn”to use以yǐ更具gèng jùscholarly flavor书卷气shū juàn qì(modifier / structural particle)的de语体yǔ tǐto continue延续yán xù(completed / change)了le“like that那么nà me”(modifier / structural particle)的delogic (loanword)逻辑luó jíto link连接lián jiē。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

day-to-day日常rì chángcolloquial speech口语kǒu yǔto hit (the mark)中zhōng，“if要是yào shi”and / with和hé“if如果rú guǒ”the most最为zuì wèiin common usage常用cháng yòng。“if假使jiǎ shǐ”at / in在zàias one wishes随意suí yìto discuss交谈jiāo tánto hit (the mark)中zhōngto seem显得xiǎn deto lean偏piānin writing书面shū miànto make into化huà，常见于cháng jiàn yúprose散文sǎn wén、to inform报告bào gàoand / with和hélecture演讲yǎn jiǎngto hit (the mark)中zhōng。这是zhè shìone kind of一种yī zhǒngtrend倾向qīng xiàng，therefore因此yīn cǐsolemn严肃yán sù(modifier / structural particle)的deoral口头kǒu tóuto express表达biǎo dástill仍réngused in 可汗可kěto use使用shǐ yòng。“if假如jiǎ rú”than / compared to比bǐ“if如果rú guǒ”略显lüè xiǎnserious郑重zhèng zhòng。“if假使jiǎ shǐ”and / with和hé“if倘若tǎng ruò”partial towards sth偏向piān xiàngliterature文学wén xuétint色彩sè cǎi。model典型diǎn xíng语体yǔ tǐused in 可汗可kěmore or less大致dà zhìto divide sth into (parts)分为fēn wéifrom从cóng口语化kǒu yǔ huà(modifier / structural particle)的de“if要是yào shi”，classics经jīng“if如果rú guǒ”“if假如jiǎ rú”，to / arrive到dàoin writing书面shū miàn/文学性wén xué xìng(modifier / structural particle)的de“if假使jiǎ shǐ”“if倘若tǎng ruò”(modifier / structural particle)的deflight of steps阶梯jiē tī。that level or lower以下yǐ xià(say) a few words两句liǎng jùmeaning of words语义yǔ yìidentical相同xiāng tóng，barely仅jǐn语体yǔ tǐdifferent有别yǒu bié。

if要是yào shi没人来méi rén láito participate参加cān jiā，this这zhèstrip条tiáoriver河héthen / just就jiùat a loss没法méi fǎto clear up清理qīng lǐ。

if要是yào shi没人来méi rén láito participate参加cān jiā，this这zhèstrip条tiáoriver河héthen / just就jiùunable to无法wú fǎto clear up清理qīng lǐ。who谁shéialso也yěnot不bùto come来láito participate (in sth)参与cān yùif (coming after a…的话de huà，this这zhèstrip条tiáoriver河héused in 便宜便biànunable to无法wú fǎto get得到dé dàoto clear up清理qīng lǐ。

if假使jiǎ shǐ没人来méi rén láito participate参加cān jiā，this这zhèstrip条tiáoriver河héthen / just就jiùat a loss没法méi fǎto clear up清理qīng lǐ。

if假使jiǎ shǐ没人来méi rén láito participate参加cān jiā，this这zhèstrip条tiáoriver河héthen / just就jiùunable to无法wú fǎto clear up清理qīng lǐ。who谁shéialso也yěnot不bùto come来láito participate (in sth)参与cān yùif (coming after a…的话de huà，this这zhèstrip条tiáoriver河héused in 便宜便biànunable to无法wú fǎto get得到dé dàoto clear up清理qīng lǐ。

to / towards / correct对duìto study at the same school同学tóng xué(typically preceded by 就……而言ér yán，“if要是yào shi”party一行yī xíng(modifier / structural particle)的detone语气yǔ qìeven more更为gèng wéinature自然zì ránclose-fitting贴切tiē qiè。at / in在zàischool magazine校刊xiào kānto hit (the mark)中zhōng，“if假使jiǎ shǐ”party一行yī xíng(literary) (conjunction…则zéagreement契合qì héwritten language书面语shū miàn yǔbody体tǐ。both sides两者liǎng zhěgrammar语法yǔ fǎequal均jūncorrect正确zhèng què，to select选择xuǎn zéto hinge on取决于qǔ jué yúconcrete具体jù tǐcontext语境yǔ jìng。

to practice練習liàn xí

1. most最zuìもapt適切shì qièなvariant of 说説shuōbright明míngをto choose選xuǎnJapanese variant of 择択zéしてください。

if假使jiǎ shǐwind speed风速fēng sùto continue继续jì xùto increase (e.g. one's…加大jiā dà，ferry boat渡轮dù lúnthen / just就jiùcan / will会huìto stop running (of flight…停航tíng háng。

A. wind风fēngalready已经yǐ jīng刮大guā dà，ferry boat渡轮dù lúnalso也yěalready已yǐto stop停止tíng zhǐto move along one's course…运行yùn xíng。 B. wind force风力fēng lìto increase增强zēng qiáng这一zhè yīto suppose假设jiǎ shèto lead to导致dǎo zhìferry boat渡轮dù lúnto stop停止tíng zhǐto move along one's course…运行yùn xíng。 C. to speak说话shuō huàperson人rénto inquire询问xún wènferry boat渡轮dù lúnyesterday昨日zuó rìwhether (or not)是否shì fǒu停运tíng yùn。

2. to pick out选出xuǎn chūin keeping with符合fú hécomplete完整wán zhěngsentence pattern (in…句型jù xíngand且qiěoutcome结果jié guǒsign标记biāo jìposition位置wèi zhìcorrect正确zhèng què(modifier / structural particle)的desentence句子jù zi。

A. then / just就jiùif假使jiǎ shǐbudget预算yù suàninsufficient不足bù zú，engineering工程gōng chéngcan / will会huìto delay延期yán qī。 B. if假使jiǎ shǐbudget预算yù suàninsufficient不足bù zú，engineering工程gōng chéngthen / just就jiùcan / will会huìto delay延期yán qī。 C. if假使jiǎ shǐbudget预算yù suàninsufficient不足bù zúthen / just就jiù，engineering工程gōng chéngcan / will会huìto delay延期yán qī。

3. to desire将jiāngfollowing下列xià lièfragment (of speech etc)片段piàn duàn组合成zǔ hé chénga line of verse一句yī jùcomplete完整wán zhěngif (coming after a…的话de huà。每个měi gèfragment (of speech etc)片段piàn duàn仅用jǐn yòngfirst一次yī cì。to have a power failure停电tíng diànfor为wèicondition条件tiáo jiàn，to supply heating (in a…供暖gōng nuǎnfor为wèioutcome结果jié guǒ。condition条件tiáo jiànback后hòu需加xū jiācomma (punct.)逗号dòu hào。

unable to无法wú fǎto start (a machine)启动qǐ dòng · home家里jiā lǐ(modifier / structural particle)的decentral heating暖气nuǎn qì · if假使jiǎ shǐ · then / just就jiù · tonight今晚jīn wǎnto have a power failure停电tíng diàn

4. to pick out选出xuǎn chūa line of verse一句yī jùat / in在zàiclassmate同班同学tóng bān tóng xuéto discuss谈论tán lùnlunch午餐wǔ cāno'clock时shímost最zuìnature自然zì rán(modifier / structural particle)的desentence句子jù zi。

A. if假使jiǎ shǐyou你nǐstill / also还háinot / haven't没méivariant of 吃吃chī，we or us (including both…咱们zán menused in 便宜便biànto go去qùdining hall食堂shí táng。 B. if要是yào shiyou你nǐstill / also还háinot / haven't没méivariant of 吃吃chī，we or us (including both…咱们zán menthen / just就jiùto go去qùdining hall食堂shí táng。 C. if倘若tǎng ruòyou你nǐstill / also还háinot / haven't没méivariant of 吃吃chī，we or us (including both…咱们zán menused in 便宜便biànto go去qùdining hall食堂shí táng。

5. yesterday昨天zuó tiānlibrary图书馆tú shū guǎn(of libraries, museums etc)…闭馆bì guǎn，therefore因此yīn cǐyou你nǐcannot未能wèi néngvariant of 借借jièto / arrive到dào(nominalizer)所suǒto require需xūbooks书籍shū jí。补全bǔ quánsentence句子jù zi，to make使shǐoutcome结果jié guǒpart部分bù fènto express表达biǎo dácontrary反fǎnfact事实shì shí（namely即jíreality实际shí jìnot yet未wèito happen发生fā shēngbut但dànand / with与yǔto suppose假设jiǎ shèopposite相反xiāng fǎn(modifier / structural particle)的decircumstances情况qíng kuàng）。outcome结果jié guǒ应为yīng wèi“I / me我wǒvariant of 借借jièto / arrive到dào(completed / change)了le那本书nà běn shū”。to ask请qǐngto use使用shǐ yòng「then / just就jiù」。

if假使jiǎ shǐyesterday昨天zuó tiānlibrary图书馆tú shū guǎnto open a door (lit. and…开门kāi mén，I / me我wǒ________。

6. city都市dū shìto inform報告bào gàoのためのフォーマルな一文yī wénを1つ作成zuò chéngしてください。condition条件tiáo jiànは「market市shìにpublic公共gōng gòngJapanese variant of 图図túteashop with performance by…書館shū guǎnがない」こと、outcome結果jié guǒは「many多duōくの児童ér tóngがroot本běnをvariant of 借借jièりることができない」ことです。「if假使jiǎ shǐ」と「then / just就jiù」をto make使shǐってlanguage文wénをto do作zuòってください。

to solve (a problem)解答jiě dá

1. B. Japanese variant of 假仮fǎnにwind speed風速fēng sùがJapanese variant of 增増zēngしJapanese variant of 续続xùければ、フェリーはto sail航行háng xíngをto stop停止tíng zhǐするだろう。wind speed風速fēng sùのJapanese variant of 增増zēngto add加jiāがpremise前提qián tíとされ、「then / just就jiù」でフェリーのto stop停止tíng zhǐがto introduce into導入dǎo rùされている。Aはすでにreally真zhēnであるmatter事shìJapanese variant of 实実shíを(bound form) to state述shùべている。Cはcharacter質zhì問文wèn wénである。

2. B. 予算yǔ suàninsufficient不足bù zúであれば、defensive structure工事gōng shìはto delay延期yán qīされるだろう。「if假使jiǎ shǐ」でcondition条件tiáo jiàn「budget预算yù suàninsufficient不足bù zú」がto open (transitive or…開kāiかれている。「engineering工程gōng chéng」がsubject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔとして「then / just就jiù」のfront前qiánにto come来láiている。「then / just就jiùcan / will会huìto delay延期yán qī」がoutcome結果jié guǒとなる。Aは「then / just就jiù」からto begin始shǐまっている。Cでは「then / just就jiù」がcondition条件tiáo jiànのend末尾mò wěiにto destroy残cánっている。

3. if假使jiǎ shǐtonight今晚jīn wǎnto have a power failure停电tíng diàn，home家里jiā lǐ(modifier / structural particle)的decentral heating暖气nuǎn qìthen / just就jiùunable to无法wú fǎto start (a machine)启动qǐ dòng。

now今jīnvariant of 晚晩wǎnto have a power failure停電tíng diànすれば、family家庭jiā tíngのheating暖房nuǎn fángはto start up (a motor)起動qǐ dòngできない。tonight今晚jīn wǎnto have a power failure停电tíng diàn がcondition条件tiáo jiànである。home家里jiā lǐ(modifier / structural particle)的decentral heating暖气nuǎn qì はoutcome結果jié guǒのsubject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔなので、「then / just就jiù」のfront前qiánにposition位置wèi zhìする。

4. B. もしまだto feed (a person or animal)食shíべていなかったら、dining hall食堂shí tángにOK / to walk行xíngこうよ。クラスメートへのテキストメッセージには「if要是yào shi」と「then / just就jiù」がto fit適shìしている。AとCはgrammar文法wén fǎ(modifier / structural particle)的deにstraight正zhèngしいが、「if假使jiǎ shǐ」「if倘若tǎng ruò」「used in 便宜便biàn」はurgent急jíぎのテキストではliterature文学wén xué(modifier / structural particle)的deすぎるecho響xiǎngきがある。

5. if假使jiǎ shǐyesterday昨天zuó tiānlibrary图书馆tú shū guǎnto open a door (lit. and…开门kāi mén，I / me我wǒthen / just就jiùvariant of 借借jièto / arrive到dào那本书nà běn shū(completed / change)了le。

yesterday昨日zuó rìJapanese variant of 图図túteashop with performance by…書館shū guǎnがto open (transitive or…開kāiいていれば、あのroot本běnをvariant of 借借jièりていたのに。Japanese variant of 实実shíborder際jìのJapanese variant of 图図túteashop with performance by…書館shū guǎnはto close閉bìまっていたため、このoutcome結果jié guǒはJapanese variant of 假仮fǎnto fix定dìngであり、root本běnのpart部分bù fènはそのままである。また、「I / me我wǒthen / just就jiùcan / be able to能néngvariant of 借借jièto / arrive到dào那本书nà běn shū(completed / change)了le（Wǒ jiù néng jièdào nà běn shū le）」や「I / me我wǒthen / just就jiùcan / may可以kě yǐ(把: marks the object)把bǎ那本书nà běn shūvariant of 借借jièto walk走zǒu(completed / change)了le（Wǒ jiù kěyǐ bǎ nà běn shū jiè zǒu le）」もstraight正zhèngacrobatic display (esp. on…解jiěとする。ただし、「then / just就jiù」がto destroy残cánっており、かつ「那本书nà běn shū」がvariant of 借借jièりられたto appear形xíngであるsituation場合chǎng héにto limit限xiànる。

6. if假使jiǎ shǐ这座zhè zuòcity城市chéng shìnot have / haven't没有méi yǒupublic公共gōng gònglibrary图书馆tú shū guǎn，很多hěn duōchild孩子hái zithen / just就jiùunable to无法wú fǎvariant of 借借jièto / arrive到dàobook书shū。

このmarket市shìにpublic公共gōng gòngJapanese variant of 图図túteashop with performance by…書館shū guǎnがなければ、many多duōくの児童ér tóngはroot本běnをvariant of 借借jièりることができない。また、「many许多xǔ duō（xǔduō）」を「很多hěn duō」のto substitute代dàiわりにto use / with用yòngいることも、あるいは「unable to无法wú fǎvariant of 借借jièto / arrive到dàobook书shū」を「variant of 借借jiènot to arrive不到bú dàobook书shū」にto install置zhìきto exchange換huànえることもstraight正zhèngacrobatic display (esp. on…解jiěとする。ただし、「if假使jiǎ shǐ」「then / just就jiù」、Japanese variant of 图図túteashop with performance by…書館shū guǎn、児童ér tóngのpart部分bù fènはそのままto destroy残cánすこと。