文型 — 上級

HSK 5、(prefix indicating ordinal…第dì20Japanese variant of 单単dāncurrency unit (esp. Chinese…元yuánのto teach授業shòu yèto use / with用yòngプリント。

先週xiān zhōuのSunday (used in ancient…日曜日rì yào rì、family家族jiā zúのグループチャットでJapanese variant of 驿駅yìにtowards向xiàngかうとwords言yánったのに、そのback後hòuオンラインにto destroy残cánってスナックについてto comment議論yì lùnしていました。father's younger brother叔父shū fùはJapanese variant of 轻軽zhìmouth口kǒuをroot本běnJapanese variant of 气気qì(modifier / structural particle)的deplan计划jì huàとしてto receive受shòuけto take取qǔりました。who誰shuíかが「variant of 里裏lǐroad道dàoは本道běn dàoよりJapanese variant of 恶悪èいわけではない」とwords言yánったのに、二人èr rénのroad道dàoがto wait for等děngしいかどうかto judge判断pàn duànできませんでした。 cousinが「to leave別biéれをto say告gàoげないことはto come来láiないこととsee 胡同同tóngじだ」とwords言yánったのに、to comprehend理解lǐ jiěできませんでした。

(把: marks the object)把bǎ: to force強制qiáng zhì、to appear見jiànなし、to mix up混同hùn tóng

(把: marks the object)把bǎはpurpose目的mù dìto tell to語yǔをto take取qǔり、そのback後hòuにJapanese variant of 续続xùくverb動詞dòng cíがそのpurpose目的mù dìto tell to語yǔにJapanese variant of 对対duìしてwhat何héがto rise起qǐこるかをto show示shìします。これらはbasic基本jī běn(modifier / structural particle)的deな文型wén xíngにaccustomed to慣guànれたback後hòuに出会chū huìうhigher authorities上級shàng jíusage用法yòng fǎです。

to appear形xíng

(把: marks the object)把bǎ + purpose目的mù dìto tell to語yǔ + to / for / give给gěi + verb動詞dòng císentence句jù。 day-to-day日常rì cháng会話huì huàにおいて、to / for / give给gěiはto emphasize (a statement)強調qiáng diàoのforced labor役yìto cut割gēをfruit果guǒたします。operation行動xíng dòngがJapanese variant of 实実shíborder際jìにそのpurpose目的mù dìto tell to語yǔにinfluence影響yǐng xiǎngをand / with与yǔえたことをto show示shìし、to startle驚jīngきやnot不bùJapanese variant of 满満mǎnのニュアンスをto keep in the mouth含hánみます。giveをto leave out省略shěng lüèしてもmatter事shìJapanese variant of 实実shíはJapanese variant of 变変biànわりませんが、トーンはよりto force強qiángくdialect話huàし言葉yán yèになります。このgiveはメッセージやmonogatari物語wù yǔにもto appear見jiànられます。

(把: marks the object)把bǎ + purpose目的mù dìto tell to語yǔ + to consider as当成dàng chéng / to look upon as看作kàn zuò + noun名詞míng císentence句jù。 to consider as当成dàng chéngはregular通常tōng cháng、そのJapanese variant of 对対duìelephant象xiàngをどうto collect扱xīうかというmanner態度tài dùにvariant of 关関guānto connect係xìします。to look upon as看作kàn zuòはregular通常tōng cháng、そのJapanese variant of 对対duìelephant象xiàngにJapanese variant of 对対duìする(measurement) (after a…見方jiàn fāngやto know認識rèn shíにvariant of 关関guānto connect係xìします。どちらもcolloquial speech口語kǒu yǔと書語shū yǔでto use使用shǐ yòngされます。

not不bù(把: marks the object)把bǎ + purpose目的mù dìto tell to語yǔ + to take seriously (often…当回事dāng huí shì。 day-to-day日常rì cháng会話huì huàto show表現biǎo xiànです。そのaffair物事wù shìをreally真zhēnにto receive受shòuけない、Japanese variant of 轻軽zhì(bound form) to look at視shìするmeaning意味yì wèiです。

(把: marks the object)把bǎ A + to regard as看成kàn chéng / to read out读dúto succeed成chéng + B. AをBとidentical同一tóng yī(bound form) to look at視shìします。to read out读dúto succeed成chéngはmistake誤wùJapanese variant of 读読dúやmistake誤wùJapanese variant of 听聴tīngのsituation場合chǎng héにto make使shǐいます。to regard as看成kàn chéngはAをBとgap間jiānto disobey違wéiえたsituation場合chǎng héにto make使shǐいます。special特tèにgap間jiānto disobey違wéiいがないsituation場合chǎng hé、to regard as看成kàn chéngには「～とみなす」というmeaning意味yì wèiもあり、to look upon as看作kàn zuòにnear近jìnいusage用法yòng fǎです。文脈wén màiによってどちらのmeaning意味yì wèiかto differentiate判別pàn biéします。

例文lì wén

he / him他tā(把: marks the object)把bǎto notify通知tōng zhīto / for / give给gěito delete删shān(completed / change)了le，we / us我们wǒ menall / both都dōunot / haven't没méito see看见kàn jiàn。

that彼bǐはto notify通知tōng zhīをto diminish消xiāoしてしまい、personal私sīたちはwho誰shuíもそれをto appear見jiànていませんでした。

don't别bié(把: marks the object)把bǎto practice实习shí xíto consider as当成dàng chéngto go on holidays度假dù jià。

to practice实习shí xíを vacationのようにto check考kǎoえないでください。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

to consider as当成dàng chéngとto look upon as看作kàn zuòは「what何héかをどうto collect扱xīうか」か「それをどうto appear見jiànるか」のto choose選xuǎnJapanese variant of 择択zéをto show示shìします。to regard as看成kàn chéngとto read out读dúto succeed成chéngはAがmistake誤wùったBとknot結jiéびつくsituation場合chǎng héにto fit適shìしています。not不bù(把: marks the object)把bǎ……to take seriously (often…当回事dāng huí shìは第三dì sānのfunction機能jī néngをto hold持chíち、purpose目的mù dìto tell to語yǔがimportant重要zhòng yào(bound form) to look at視shìされないことをto show示shìします。

verb動詞dòng cíto / for / give给gěiは「and / with与yǔえる」のmeaning意味yì wèiですが、to / for / give给gěito delete删shān(completed / change)了le、to / for / give给gěito forget忘wàng(completed / change)了le、to / for / give给gěito throw扔rēng(completed / change)了le(modifier / structural particle)的deようなlanguage文wénでは、see 胡同同tóngじsmall小xiǎoさなJapanese variant of 单単dānto tell to語yǔがJapanese variant of 单単dānにto remove削除xuē chú、to forget忘却wàng què、Japanese variant of 废廃fèito abandon棄qìといったaction行為xíng wèiをto emphasize (a statement)強調qiáng diàoするだけで、Japanese variant of 实実shíborder際jìの「and / with与yǔえる」movement動作dòng zuòではありません。

unlike不比bù bǐ: ～ほどではない

「unlike不比bù bǐ」は「よりmany多duōい」というto advocate主張zhǔ zhāngをto negate否定fǒu dìngします。「see 胡同同tóngじである」possibility可能性kě néng xìngもto destroy残cánしています。これだけでは、どちらが(bound form) up上shàngかをto show示shìすものではありません。

to appear形xíng

noun名詞míng cí 1 + unlike不比bù bǐ + noun名詞míng cí 2 + to describe形容xíng róngword詞cí。

still / also还háican / may可以kě yǐfairly / rather比较bǐ jiàomovement动作dòng zuò(modifier / structural particle)的deway方式fāng shì。“(degree marker)得de”letter字zìstructure结构jié gòucan / may可以kě yǐ放在fàng zài“unlike不比bù bǐ”before之前zhī qián，as如rú第二个dì èr gècase例子lì zi所示suǒ shì。other另lìng一个yí gènoun名词míng cíalso也yěcan / may可以kě yǐto place before前置qián zhì：noun名词míng cí 1 + unlike不比bù bǐ + noun名词míng cí 2 + verb动词dòng cí + (degree marker)得de + adjective形容词xíng róng cí。meaning (implicit in a…含义hán yìidentical相同xiāng tóng：not不bùto surpass超过chāo guò。

「not have / haven't没有méi yǒu」＋to describe形容xíng róngword詞cíは「…ほどではない」をmeaning意味yì wèiするため、first最初zuì chūのlean on one side側cèはそのscale尺度chǐ dùにおいてlow低dīいです。「unlike不比bù bǐ」は同率tóng lǜto retire from office引退yǐn tuìのpossibility可能性kě néng xìngをto destroy残cánしています。

to describe形容xíng róngword詞cíにto take note of注意zhù yìしてください。「unlike不比bù bǐhe / him他tāused in 参差差chà」はthat彼bǐよりinferior劣lièらないため、同率tóng lǜto retire from office引退yǐn tuìまたはexcellent優yōuれているBothがshould該gāiat or in the very same...当dāngします。「unlike不比bù bǐhe / him他tāhigh高gāo」はthat彼bǐよりhigh高gāoくありません。words言yánいたいto advocate主張zhǔ zhāngにvariant of 合合héうto describe形容xíng róngword詞cíをto choose選xuǎnんでください。

「unlike不比bù bǐ」は会話huì huàでもarticle文章wén zhāngでもstandard標準biāo zhǔn(modifier / structural particle)的deです。「need not不必bù bì」（bú bì）はdifferent異yìなる言葉yán yèで、「〜するnecessary必要bì yàoはない」というmeaning意味yì wèiです。

例文lì wén

this这zhèstrip条tiáoroad路lùnot不bùthan / compared to比bǐ那条nà tiáoroad路lùto distance oneself from…远yuǎn。

Zhè tiáo lù bù bǐ nà tiáo lù yuǎn. このroad道dàoはあのroad道dàoよりto distance oneself from…遠yuǎnくはありません。

younger brother弟弟dì dito write写xiě(degree marker)得denot不bùthan / compared to比bǐolder brother哥哥gē gēslow慢màn。

Dìdi xiě de bù bǐ gēge màn. variant of 悌弟dìはelder brother兄xiōngよりJapanese variant of 迟遅chíくbook書shūいているわけではありません。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

「not have / haven't没有méi yǒu那条nà tiáoroad路lùto distance oneself from…远yuǎn」（méiyǒu nà tiáo lù yuǎn）ならこのroad道dàoはauthenticated確quèJapanese variant of 实実shíにshort短duǎnいことになります。「unlike不比bù bǐ」はJapanese variant of 单単dānにto distance oneself from…遠yuǎnくないことをto show示shìしているだけなので、2つのchief長zhǎngさ still unanimous一致yí zhìするpossibility可能性kě néng xìngがあります。「need not不必bù bìto walk走zǒu那条nà tiáoroad路lù」（bú bì zǒu nà tiáo lù）は「あのroad道dàoをclassifier for an activity…通tōngじるnecessary必要bì yàoはない」というmeaning意味yì wèiです。old variant of 似似shìているsound音yīnですがforced labor役yìto cut割gēがdifferent異yìなります。

want / will / need要yào……then / just就jiù……: やるならやるべきだ

to appear形xíng

want / will / need要yào + verb動詞dòng cí + then / just就jiù + verb動詞dòng cí。

这是zhè shìstrong强烈qiáng liè(modifier / structural particle)的de“if如果rú guǒ”。if如果rú guǒsomeone某人mǒu rénto plan打算dǎ suànto make做zuòsomething某事mǒu shì，then / just就jiùshould应该yīng gāito go去qùto make做zuò。regular通常tōng chángtone语气yǔ qìto have as a feature or…带有dài yǒuto urge催促cuī cùmeaning意味yì wèi，to approach接近jiē jìnorder命令mìng lìng。at / in在zài第二个dì èr gèverb动词dòng cí前加qián jiābrief (statement, summary…简短jiǎn duǎnword (general term…词语cí yǔused in 可汗可kěto express / indicate表示biǎo shì“now现在xiàn zài”、“to do sth more quickly快点kuài diǎn”maybe或huò“well好好hǎo hǎo”：want / will / need要yàoto walk走zǒuthen / just就jiùnow现在xiàn zàito walk走zǒu，要学yào xuéthen / just就jiù好好学hǎo hǎo xué。

会話huì huàでは、bilateral双方shuāng fāngがwho誰shuíについてdialect話huàしているかpart分fēnかっているため、subject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔはto leave out省略shěng lüèされることがmany多duōいです。グループがnecessary必要bì yàoとするsituation場合chǎng héは、still依然yī ránとしてperson人rénname名míngをto appoint指定zhǐ dìngできます。1syllable音節yīn jiéのverb動詞dòng cíがmost最zuìもsame一般yì bān(modifier / structural particle)的deです。2syllable音節yīn jiéでもquestion問題wèn tíありません。

例文lì wén

票不多piào bù duō，want / will / need要yàoto buy买mǎithen / just就jiùtoday今天jīn tiānto buy买mǎi。

Piào bù duō, yào mǎi jiù jīntiān mǎi. definitely切qièはあまりありません；to buy買mǎiうならtoday今日jīn rìto buy買mǎiってください。

want / will / need要yàoexplanation解释jiě shìthen / just就jiùin front of当着dāng zheeveryone大家dà jiāexplanation解释jiě shì。

Yào jiěshì jiù dāngzhe dàjiā jiěshì. variant of 说説shuōbright明míngするなら、all皆jiēのfront前qiánでOK / to walk行xíngってください。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

similar なto appear形xíngで、verb動詞dòng cíをto reel silk from cocoons繰zǎoりto return (to)返fǎnして「want / will / need要yào」をto make使shǐわないsituation場合chǎng hé、outcome結果jié guǒをto receive受shòuけto enter入rùれられます。「bad坏huài(completed / change)了lethen / just就jiùbad坏huài(completed / change)了le」（huài le jiù huài le）は「Japanese variant of 坏壊huàiれたら仕方shì fāngない」というmeaning意味yì wèiです。「want / will / need要yàovariant of 修修xiūthen / just就jiùto repair (sth broken)修好xiū hǎo」はto repair修理xiū lǐをurgent促cùし、apt適切shì qièにOK / to walk行xíngうようto request要求yāo qiúします。「want / will / need要yào」のregular通常tōng chángのvariant of 效効xiàopower力lìはto mortgage押yāしto pay付fùけです。文脈wén màiによってJapanese variant of 锐鋭ruìさがto decide決juéまります。

cannot do without少不了shào bù liǎo: なくてはならない

to appear形xíng

subject (in grammar)主语zhǔ yǔ + cannot do without少不了shào bù liǎo + noun名詞míng cí / verb動詞dòng císentence句jù。

「cannot do without少不了shào bù liǎo」はwhat何héかがnecessary必要bì yàoである、あるいはcertainly必bìずto rise起qǐこることをmeaning意味yì wèiします。day-to-day日常rì cháng会話huì huàにto make使shǐわれます。そのback後hòuの言葉yán yèはold variant of 欢歓huānto welcome迎yíngされるalso也yěmaybe / possible可能kě néngto have / there is有yǒunot不bùpopular受欢迎shòu huān yíng(modifier / structural particle)的de。おto offer a sacrifice to…祭jìりでgood好hǎoきなto feed (a person or animal)食shíべthing物wùがto owe欠qiànかせないこともあります。night夜yèmore更gèngかしにはuneven不平bù píngがto pay付fùきthing物wùです。パターンはsee 胡同同tóngじです。noun名詞míng cíがemotion感情gǎn qíngをpicul (100 catties, 50 kg)担dānっています。

subject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔはperson人rén、location場所chǎng suǒ、状況zhuàng kuàngalso也yěcan / may可以kě yǐto be / is是shì。dialect話huàしhand手shǒuはまたsame一般yì bān(modifier / structural particle)的deな「you」や「we」をto leave out省略shěng lüèすることもあります。Japanese variant of 两両liǎngsquare方fāngのouter appearance形式xíng shìはstandard標準biāo zhǔn(modifier / structural particle)的deです

here这里zhè lǐ“(completed / change)了le”to read out读dú liǎo，third tone in Mandarin第三声dì sān shēng。it它tāto be / is是shìto express / indicate表示biǎo shì“can / be able to能néngto complete完成wán chéng”(modifier / structural particle)的de“(completed / change)了le”，and / with与yǔ“to understand了解liǎo jiě”（liǎojiě）homology (biology)同源tóng yuán。it它tāand / with与yǔsign标记biāo jìmovement动作dòng zuòto complete完成wán chéng(modifier / structural particle)的dequietly轻声qīng shēng“le”different不同bù tóng。at / in在zàithis这个zhè geto fix固定gù dìngto pair up搭配dā pèito hit (the mark)中zhōng，“not不bù”regular通常tōng chángto read out读dúquietly轻声qīng shēng：shǎo bu liǎo。

例文lì wén

to make做zuògroup小组xiǎo zǔschool assignment作业zuò yè，cannot do without少不了shào bù liǎosomeone有人yǒu rénfinal最后zuì hòuonly then / not until才cáito hand over交jiāo。

to make做zuògroup小组xiǎo zǔschool assignment作业zuò yèo'clock时shí，cannot do without少不了shào bù liǎosomeone有人yǒu rénfinal最后zuì hòuonly then / not until才cáito hand over交jiāo。at / in在zàigroup小组xiǎo zǔto cooperate合作hé zuòto hit (the mark)中zhōng，general总zǒngsomeone有人yǒu réncan / will会huìat / in在zàifinal最后zuì hòu一刻yī kèonly then / not until才cáito submit (a report etc)提交tí jiāoschool assignment作业zuò yè。

she / her她tā(modifier / structural particle)的dekitchen厨房chú fángcannot do without少不了shào bù liǎohot pepper辣椒là jiāo。

she / her她tā(modifier / structural particle)的dekitchen厨房chú fángcannot do without少不了shào bù liǎohot pepper辣椒là jiāo。she / her她tā(modifier / structural particle)的dekitchen厨房chú fánginseparable离不开lí bù kāihot pepper辣椒là jiāo。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

not have / haven't没有méi yǒuhot pepper辣椒là jiāo（méiyǒu làjiāo）to signify意味着yì wèi zhelack缺少quē shǎohot pepper辣椒là jiāo。cannot do without少不了shào bù liǎohot pepper辣椒là jiāo(literary) (conjunction…则zéto express / indicate表示biǎo shìcannot不能bù néngnot have / haven't没有méi yǒuhot pepper辣椒là jiāo。hot pepper辣椒là jiāomaybe / possible可能kě néngalready已经yǐ jīngto exist存在cún zài，or或者huò zhě这句zhè jùold variant of 话话huàto be / is是shìat / in在zàito remind提醒tí xǐngyou你nǐin the future将来jiāng láito need需要xū yào用到yòng dàoit它tā。

to equal等于děng yú：等同于děng tóng yú

to appear形xíng

A，(then / just就jiù) to equal等于děng yú B.

“to equal等于děng yú”idea意yìfor为wèi“to equal等于děng yú”。at / in在zàimathematics数学shù xuéto hit (the mark)中zhōng，一个yí gè(literary) frequently数shùto equal等于děng yúother另lìng一个yí gè(literary) frequently数shù。at / in在zài日常生活rì cháng shēng huóto hit (the mark)中zhōng，it它tāto express / indicate表示biǎo shì两个liǎng gèaction行为xíng wéimaybe或huò两个liǎng gèfact事实shì shíto be / is是shìidentical同一tóng yī(old) to report to one's…回事huí shì。“then / just就jiù”to be / is是shìavailable可选kě xuǎn(modifier / structural particle)的de。“then / just就jiùto equal等于děng yú”to listen to听tīng(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ láito resemble像xiàngcolloquial speech口语kǒu yǔto hit (the mark)中zhōng(modifier / structural particle)的deconclusion结论jié lùn。to get rid of去掉qù diào“then / just就jiù”，sentence句子jù zito listen to听tīng(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ láimore更gèngto resemble像xiàng一条yī tiáorule规则guī zé。both sides两者liǎng zhěat / in在zàicolloquial speech口语kǒu yǔand / with和héwritten language书面语shū miàn yǔto hit (the mark)中zhōngall / both都dōudegree / adjective linker很hěncommonly seen常见cháng jiàn。

this kind of这种zhè zhǒngto mate or marry匹配pǐ pèiusually往往wǎng wǎngto be / is是shìyou你nǐunexpectedly不想bù xiǎngto see看到kàn dào(modifier / structural particle)的de，for example比如bǐ rúsecret秘密mì mì(passive: by)被bèito leak (information)泄露xiè lòu。should该gāimode模式mó shìalso也yěto be applicable适用shì yòng(of time or place) in于yúgood好hǎo(modifier / structural particle)的deto mate or marry匹配pǐ pèi。to abide by信守xìn shǒuto promise承诺chéng nuòcan / may可以kě yǐ等同于děng tóng yúteam团队tuán duìto trust信任xìn rènyou你nǐ(modifier / structural particle)的dereason理由lǐ yóu。to keep保持bǎo chíconstant不变bù biàn(modifier / structural particle)的deto be / is是shì“to equate等同děng tóng”这一zhè yīconcept概念gài niàn。

例文lì wén

cipher密码mì mǎto write写xiěat / in在zàislip of paper纸条zhǐ tiáo(bound form) up上shàng，then / just就jiùto equal等于děng yúnot have / haven't没有méi yǒucipher密码mì mǎ。

cipher密码mì mǎto write写xiěat / in在zàislip of paper纸条zhǐ tiáo(bound form) up上shàng，then / just就jiùto equal等于děng yúnot have / haven't没有méi yǒucipher密码mì mǎ。(把: marks the object)把bǎcipher密码mì mǎto write写xiěat / in在zàislip of paper纸条zhǐ tiáo(bound form) up上shàng等同于děng tóng yúnot have / haven't没有méi yǒucipher密码mì mǎ。

to refuse拒绝jù juéto reply回答huí dáthis这个zhè gequestion问题wèn tí，to equal等于děng yúto admit承认chéng rèn(completed / change)了le。

to refuse拒绝jù juéto reply回答huí dáthis这个zhè gequestion问题wèn tí，then / just就jiùto equal等于děng yúto admit承认chéng rèn(completed / change)了le。to refuse拒绝jù juéto reply回答huí dáthis这个zhè gequestion问题wèn tí等同于děng tóng yúto admit承认chéng rèn。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

karma因果yīn guǒconjunction连词lián cíto tell告诉gào sùyou你nǐsomething某事mǒu shìto happen发生fā shēng(modifier / structural particle)的decause原因yuán yīn。“to equal等于děng yú”(literary) (conjunction…则zéto tell告诉gào sùyou你nǐeither side两边liǎng biān(passive: by)被bèito view as视为shì wèiidentical同一tóng yīthing事物shì wù。outcome结果jié guǒmaybe / possible可能kě néngat / in在zàibackground背景bèi jǐngto hit (the mark)中zhōngclearly and easy to see…显而易见xiǎn ér yì jiàn。but但dànsentence句子jù zistill仍然réng ránto revolve around围绕wéi rào“to equate等同děng tóng”to unfold展开zhǎn kāi。

to practice練習liàn xí — パート 1

1. this这个zhè gesentence句子jù zito advocate主张zhǔ zhāng(completed / change)了lewhat什么shén me？

today今天jīn tiān(modifier / structural particle)的demeeting会议huì yìunlike不比bù bǐyesterday昨天zuó tiān(modifier / structural particle)的delong长cháng。

A. today今天jīn tiān(modifier / structural particle)的demeeting会议huì yìto be certain肯定kěn dìngthan / compared to比bǐyesterday昨天zuó tiān(modifier / structural particle)的deshort短duǎn。 B. today今天jīn tiān(modifier / structural particle)的demeeting会议huì yìunlike不比bù bǐyesterday昨天zuó tiān(modifier / structural particle)的delong长cháng。both sides两者liǎng zhě(modifier / structural particle)的deduration时长shí chángmaybe / possible可能kě néngidentical相同xiāng tóng。 C. today今天jīn tiānnot have / haven't没有méi yǒunecessary必要bì yàoto hold a meeting开会kāi huì。

2. 一名yī míngteammate队友duì yǒuat / in在zàiall所有suǒ yǒuteam团队tuán duìto practice练习liàn xíto hit (the mark)中zhōngall / both都dōuto be laughing and playing嬉笑xī xiàoto quarrel打闹dǎ nào，never从不cóng bùto learn学习xué xían actor's lines台词tái cí。哪句nǎ jùold variant of 话话huàto explain说明shuō mínghe / him他tānot不bùconscientious认真rèn zhēn？

A. he / him他tācannot do without少不了shào bù liǎoto rehearse排练pái liàn。 B. he / him他tānot不bù(把: marks the object)把bǎto rehearse排练pái liànto take seriously (often…当回事dāng huí shì。 C. he / him他tā(把: marks the object)把bǎto rehearse排练pái liànto look upon as看作kàn zuòrest休息xiū xī。

3. at / in在zàivideo视频shì pínto hold a conversation通话tōng huàto hit (the mark)中zhōng，一个yí gèplastics塑料sù liàomodel模型mó xíngseemingly看起来kàn qǐ láito resemble像xiàng(measure word)个gèreally真zhēncup杯子bēi zi。he / him他tāto see看kànmistake错cuò(completed / change)了le。he / him他tāno不是bú shìat / in在zàito read阅读yuè dúa text (article, script…文本wén běn。哪句nǎ jùold variant of 话话huàin keeping with符合fú héthis此cǐsituation情境qíng jìng？

A. he / him他tā(把: marks the object)把bǎplastics塑料sù liàomodel模型mó xíngto read out读dúto succeed成chéngreally真的zhēn decup杯子bēi zi(completed / change)了le。 B. he / him他tā(把: marks the object)把bǎplastics塑料sù liàomodel模型mó xíngto regard as看成kàn chéngreally真的zhēn decup杯子bēi zi(completed / change)了le。 C. plastics塑料sù liàomodel模型mó xíngunlike不比bù bǐreally真的zhēn decup杯子bēi ziexpensive贵guì。

4. she / her她tā(把: marks the object)把bǎkey钥匙yào shiold variant of 锁锁suǒat / in在zàioffice办公室bàn gōng shì(completed / change)了le。to ask请qǐngto use / with用yòng口语化kǒu yǔ huà(modifier / structural particle)的de“to / for / give给gěi”to express表达biǎo dá“to do sth by force强行qiáng xíng/to be compelled被迫bèi pò”之意zhī yì，to construct (sth abstract)构建gòu jiàn一个yí gèsentence句子jù zi。每个měi gècomposition成分chéng fènbarely仅jǐnto use使用shǐ yòngfirst一次yī cì。

(completed / change)了le / at / in在zài / key钥匙yào shi / she / her她tā / old variant of 锁锁suǒ / (把: marks the object)把bǎ / to / for / give给gěi / office办公室bàn gōng shì

5. you你nǐto walk走zǒu(completed / change)了leminor road小路xiǎo lù。所用suǒ yòng(concept of) time时间shí jiānand / with与yǔowner主zhǔroad路lùidentical相同xiāng tóng，或略少huò lüè shǎosome一些yī xiē。you你nǐto declare to be untrue否认fǒu rènminor road小路xiǎo lù更慢gèng màn。but但dànyou你nǐ并未bìng wèito assert断言duàn yánit它tādefinitely一定yí dìngmore更gèngrapid快kuài。哪句nǎ jùold variant of 话话huàin keeping with符合fú héthis此cǐto describe描述miáo shù？

A. minor road小路xiǎo lùnot have / haven't没有méi yǒuavenue大路dà lùrapid快kuài。 B. minor road小路xiǎo lùunlike不比bù bǐavenue大路dà lùslow慢màn。 C. minor road小路xiǎo lùneed not不必bù bìavenue大路dà lùslow慢màn。

6. poster海报hǎi bàostill仍réngnot yet未wèito print印刷yìn shuā。to ask请qǐngto write写xiěa line of verse一句yī jùtone语气yǔ qìfirm坚定jiān dìng(modifier / structural particle)的decolloquial speech口语kǒu yǔsentence句子jù zi，to use使用shǐ yòngstructure结构jié gòu“want / will / need要yào……then / just就jiù……”。两个liǎng gèverb动词dòng cíposition位置wèi zhìall / both都dōuwant / will / need要yàoto use / with用yòng“to print印yìn”，variant of 并并bìngat / in在zài第二个dì èr gèverb动词dòng cíback后hòuto add添加tiān jiā一个yí gèbrief (statement, summary…简短jiǎn duǎnword (general term…词语cí yǔ，idea意yìfor为wèi“ properly（appropriate妥当tuǒ dàng/complete完整wán zhěng）”。

7. goods产品chǎn pǐnto release发布fā bù总会zǒng huìto accompany伴随bàn suísome一些yī xiēto revise修订xiū dìng。to ask请qǐngto write写xiěa line of verse一句yī jù日常用语rì cháng yòng yǔsentence句子jù zi，to use使用shǐ yòng“cannot do without少不了shào bù liǎo”。to keep保留bǎo liúkeyword关键词guān jiàn cí“to release发布fā bù”and / with和hé“to amend修改xiū gǎi”。

8. 赵把zhào bǎall所有suǒ yǒuaffair事情shì qíngall / both都dōuto pass on转达zhuǎn dáto / for / give给gěi(completed / change)了leteam团队tuán duì。to ask请qǐngto write写xiě一个yí gèto use使用shǐ yòng「to equal等于děng yú」(modifier / structural particle)的desentence句子jù zi，to make使shǐ“to tell告诉gào sùto surpass (old)赵zhào”这一zhè yīaction行为xíng wéiand / with与yǔ“to tell告诉gào sùwhole整个zhěng gèteam团队tuán duì”这一zhè yīaction行为xíng wéito equate等同děng tóng。to keep保留bǎo liú「to surpass (old)赵zhào」and / with和hé「全组quán zǔ」。

to solve (a problem)解答jiě dá — Part 1

1. B. today今天jīn tiān(modifier / structural particle)的demeeting会议huì yìunlike不比bù bǐyesterday昨天zuó tiān(modifier / structural particle)的delong长cháng。

today今天jīn tiān(modifier / structural particle)的demeeting会议huì yìunlike不比bù bǐyesterday昨天zuó tiān(modifier / structural particle)的delong长cháng。「不比长bù bǐ zhǎng」to refuse拒绝jù juéto express表达biǎo dá“更长gèng zhǎng”，but但dànstill仍réngto permit允许yǔn xǔlength长度cháng dùidentical相同xiāng tóng(modifier / structural particle)的decircumstances情况qíng kuàng。option选项xuǎn xiàngA应为yīng wèi「today今天jīn tiān(modifier / structural particle)的demeeting会议huì yìnot have / haven't没有méi yǒuyesterday昨天zuó tiān(modifier / structural particle)的delong长cháng」（Jīntiān de huìyì méiyǒu zuótiān de cháng），this这zhèclear-cut明确míng quèto express / indicate表示biǎo shìtoday今天jīn tiān(modifier / structural particle)的demeeting会议huì yìto compare较jiàoshort短duǎn。option选项xuǎn xiàngC(literary) (conjunction…则zéto be / is是shì「need not不必bù bì」（bú bì）(modifier / structural particle)的defunction功能gōng néng，idea意yìfor为wèi“not不bùto need需要xū yào”。

2. B. he / him他tānot不bù(把: marks the object)把bǎto rehearse排练pái liànto take seriously (often…当回事dāng huí shì。

he / him他tānot不bù(把: marks the object)把bǎto rehearse排练pái liànto take seriously (often…当回事dāng huí shì。这是zhè shìto express表达biǎo dánot不bù认真对待rèn zhēn duì dàiteam团队tuán duìto practice练习liàn xí(modifier / structural particle)的deday-to-day日常rì chángway of speaking说法shuō fǎ。option选项xuǎn xiàngA「he / him他tācannot do without少不了shào bù liǎoto rehearse排练pái liàn」（Tā shǎo bu liǎo páiliàn）to express / indicate表示biǎo shìhe / him他tāinseparable离不开lí bù kāiteam团队tuán duìto practice练习liàn xí。option选项xuǎn xiàngC「he / him他tā(把: marks the object)把bǎto rehearse排练pái liànto look upon as看作kàn zuòrest休息xiū xī」（Tā bǎ páiliàn kànzuò xiūxi）to express / indicate表示biǎo shìhe / him他tāto desire将jiāngteam团队tuán duìto practice练习liàn xíto view as视为shì wèirest休息xiū xī。this这zhèto be / is是shìto / towards / correct对duìthing事物shì wùnature性质xìng zhì(modifier / structural particle)的deway of looking at a thing看法kàn fǎ，and / but而érto not be非fēi“not不bù认真对待rèn zhēn duì dài”(modifier / structural particle)的desentence pattern句式jù shì。

3. B. he / him他tā(把: marks the object)把bǎplastics塑料sù liàomodel模型mó xíngto regard as看成kàn chéngreally真的zhēn decup杯子bēi zi(completed / change)了le。

he / him他tā(把: marks the object)把bǎplastics塑料sù liàomodel模型mó xíngto regard as看成kàn chéng(completed / change)了lereally真zhēncup杯子bēi zi。he / him他tāmistake错cuò(把: marks the object)把bǎplastics塑料sù liàomodel模型mó xíngto consider as当成dàng chéng(completed / change)了legenuine真正zhēn zhèng(modifier / structural particle)的decup杯子bēi zi。due to由于yóu yúmistaken错误cuò wùhas its origins in源于yuán yúsight视觉shì juéto observe观察guān chá，therefore因此yīn cǐto use使用shǐ yòng「to regard as看成kàn chéng」suitable合适hé shì。option选项xuǎn xiàngAto use使用shǐ yòng「to read out读dúto succeed成chéng」（dúchéng），这是zhè shìto use in用于yòng yúto misread误读wù dú(modifier / structural particle)的desentence pattern句式jù shì，and / but而érhe / him他tāat once当时dāng shí并未bìng wèito read阅读yuè dúa text (article, script…文本wén běn。option选项xuǎn xiàngC「plastics塑料sù liàomodel模型mó xíngunlike不比bù bǐreally真的zhēn decup杯子bēi ziexpensive贵guì」（Sùliào móxíng bù bǐ zhēn de bēizi guì）barely仅jǐnto explain说明shuō míngmodel模型mó xíngprice价格jià génot不bùgreater than高于gāo yúreally真zhēncup杯子bēi zi。

4. she / her她tā(把: marks the object)把bǎkey钥匙yào shito / for / give给gěiold variant of 锁锁suǒat / in在zàioffice办公室bàn gōng shì(completed / change)了le。

she / her她tā(把: marks the object)把bǎkey钥匙yào shito / for / give给gěiold variant of 锁锁suǒat / in在zàioffice办公室bàn gōng shì(completed / change)了le。also也yěused in 可汗可kěto accept (a suggestion…接受jiē shòu：「she / her她tā(把: marks the object)把bǎkey钥匙yào shito / for / give给gěiold variant of 锁锁suǒat / in在zài(completed / change)了leoffice办公室bàn gōng shì」（Tā bǎ yàoshi gěi suǒ zài le bàngōngshì）。both sides两者liǎng zhěequal均jūnto keep保留bǎo liú「key钥匙yào shi」to do作zuòobject (grammar)宾语bīn yǔ、「office办公室bàn gōng shì」to do作zuòplace地点dì diǎn。「to / for / give给gěi」to emphasize (a statement)强调qiáng diàoto lock the door锁门suǒ mén这一zhè yīmovement动作dòng zuòindeed确实què shíto happen发生fā shēng(completed / change)了le。this place此处cǐ chùreally isn't并非bìng fēifinger指zhǐshe / her她tā(把: marks the object)把bǎkey钥匙yào shito give交给jiāo gěi(completed / change)了leoffice办公室bàn gōng shì。

5. B. minor road小路xiǎo lùunlike不比bù bǐavenue大路dà lùslow慢màn。

minor road小路xiǎo lùunlike不比bù bǐavenue大路dà lùslow慢màn。侧路cè lù并不比bìng bù bǐ主路慢zhǔ lù màn，therefore因此yīn cǐ(nominalizer)所suǒto require需xū(concept of) time时间shí jiānmaybe / possible可能kě néngidentical相同xiāng tóng，或侧huò cèroad路lùtime-consuming耗时hào shí略少lüè shǎo。该句gāi jù并未bìng wèito claim声称shēng chēng“to be certain肯定kěn dìngmore更gèngrapid快kuài”。option选项xuǎn xiàngA「minor road小路xiǎo lùnot have / haven't没有méi yǒuavenue大路dà lùrapid快kuài」（Xiǎolù méiyǒu dàlù kuài）to express / indicate表示biǎo shì侧路cè lùto be certain肯定kěn dìng更慢gèng màn。option选项xuǎn xiàngC「minor road小路xiǎo lùneed not不必bù bìavenue大路dà lùslow慢màn」（Xiǎolù bú bì dàlù màn）to use使用shǐ yòng(completed / change)了le「need not不必bù bì」（no need），并未bìng wèito constitute构成gòu chéngthis kind此类cǐ lèifairly / rather比较bǐ jiào。

6. want / will / need要yàoto print印yìnthen / just就jiùwell好好hǎo hǎoto print印yìn。

want / will / need要yàoto print印yìnthen / just就jiùwell好好hǎo hǎoto print印yìn。if如果rú guǒto decide (to do something)决定jué dìngto affix a seal打印dǎ yìn，then / just就jiùconscientious认真rèn zhēnto affix a seal打印dǎ yìn。also也yěused in 可汗可kěto accept (a suggestion…接受jiē shòu：「want / will / need要yàoto print印yìnthen / just就jiùconscientious认真rèn zhēnto print印yìn」（Yào yìn jiù rènzhēn yìn）maybe或huò「want / will / need要yàoto print印yìnthen / just就jiù印好yìn hǎo」（Yào yìn jiù yìn hǎo）。each每měia line of verse一句yī jùall / both都dōuto be / is是shìto emphasize (a statement)强调qiáng diàotone语气yǔ qì，重复使用chóng fù shǐ yòng「to print印yìn」，variant of 并并bìngto desire将jiāng“appropriate妥善tuǒ shàn(adverb -ly)地de”to place in置于zhì yú第二个dì èr gèverb动词dòng cífront前qián。colloquial speech口语kǒu yǔto hit (the mark)中zhōng，adverb副词fù cí「well好好hǎo hǎo」also也yěalways常cháng(passive: by)被bèi读作dú zuò hǎohāo。alone单独dān dú(modifier / structural particle)的de(concept of) time时间shí jiān词如cí rú「now现在xiàn zài」although虽suīin keeping with符合fú hé「want / will / need要yào……then / just就jiù……」structure结构jié gòu，but但dànlack缺失quē shī(completed / change)了le“appropriate妥善tuǒ shàn”之意zhī yì。

7. every time每次měi cìgoods产品chǎn pǐnto release发布fā bù，cannot do without少不了shào bù liǎosome一些yī xiēto amend修改xiū gǎi。

every time每次měi cìgoods产品chǎn pǐnto release发布fā bù，cannot do without少不了shào bù liǎoclassifier indicating a…些xiēto amend修改xiū gǎi。every time每次měi cìgoods产品chǎn pǐnto release发布fā bùinevitable必然bì ránto involve涉及shè jísome一些yī xiēto revise修订xiū dìng。also也yěused in 可汗可kěto accept (a suggestion…接受jiē shòu：「goods产品chǎn pǐnto release发布fā bùcannot do without少不了shào bù liǎoto amend修改xiū gǎi」（Chǎnpǐn fābù shǎo bu liǎo xiūgǎi）。sentence句子jù zito require需xūto contain包含bāo hán「cannot do without少不了shào bù liǎo」、「to release发布fā bù」and / with和hé「to amend修改xiū gǎi」，and且qiěfor为wèiday-to-day日常rì chángcolloquial speech口语kǒu yǔto express表达biǎo dá。「(completed / change)了le」at / in在zàithis place此处cǐ chù读作dú zuò liǎo。

8. to tell告诉gào sùto surpass (old)赵zhàothen / just就jiùto equal等于děng yúto tell告诉gào sù全组quán zǔ。

to tell告诉gào sùto surpass (old)赵zhàothen / just就jiùto equal等于děng yúto tell告诉gào sù全组quán zǔ。to inform告知gào zhīto surpass (old)赵zhào等同于děng tóng yúto inform告知gào zhīwhole整个zhěng gèteam团队tuán duì。also也yěused in 可汗可kěto accept (a suggestion…接受jiē shòu：「with / and跟gēn赵说zhào shuōthen / just就jiùto equal等于děng yúwith / and跟gēn全组quán zǔvariant of 说说shuō」（Gēn Zhào shuō jiù děngyú gēn quánzǔ shuō）and及jí「you你nǐto tell告诉gào sùto surpass (old)赵zhào，then / just就jiùto equal等于děng yúto tell告诉gào sù(completed / change)了le全组quán zǔ」（Nǐ gàosu Zhào, jiù děngyú gàosu le quánzǔ）。these这些zhè xiēto express表达biǎo dáto keep保留bǎo liú(completed / change)了le「to surpass (old)赵zhào」、「全组quán zǔ」and / with和hé「to equal等于děng yú」，and且qiěaround前后qián hòuequal均jūnfor为wèito inform告知gào zhī(modifier / structural particle)的deaction行为xíng wéi。barely仅jǐnto offer提供tí gōngcause原因yuán yīnand / but而érnot yet未wèito use使用shǐ yòng「to equal等于děng yú」(modifier / structural particle)的desentence句子jù ziunable to无法wú fǎto complete完成wán chéngmission任务rèn wùto request要求yāo qiú。

group小组xiǎo zǔitem项目xiàng mùalready已yǐtermination结束jié shù，to think back over sth反思fǎn sīpart部分bù fènto follow由yóuyou你nǐto write撰写zhuàn xiě。you你nǐto need需要xū yàoto complete完成wán chéng五项wǔ xiàngmission任务rèn wù：to show clearly指明zhǐ míngcourse课程kè chéngsource (of information etc)来源lái yuán、to indicate指出zhǐ chūsome某mǒuoption选项xuǎn xiàngwhole entity整体zhěng tǐlack缺失quē shī、sign标记biāo jìoutcome结果jié guǒthan / compared to比bǐ首项shǒu xiàngeven more更为gèng wéiextreme极端jí duān、to point towards指向zhǐ xiàngand / with与yǔtheme主题zhǔ tírelated相关xiāng guān(modifier / structural particle)的de(computer) file文档wén dàng、as well as以及yǐ jívariant of 重复重复chóng fùlabel标签biāo qiānand / but而érnot不bùmerely只是zhǐ shìsimple简单jiǎn dān吞下tūn xiàit它tā。underneath下方xià fāng(modifier / structural particle)的de(construction) frame框架kuāng jiàused in 可汗可kěqualified胜任shèng rènthese这些zhè xiēmission任务rèn wù。they (for inanimate objects)它们tā menalready既jìto be applicable适用shì yòng(of time or place) in于yúrigorous严谨yán jǐn(modifier / structural particle)的decolloquial speech口语kǒu yǔ，also也yěto be applicable适用shì yòng(of time or place) in于yúwritten language书面语shū miàn yǔ。but但dànreally isn't并非bìng fēi每个měi gèsentence句子jù ziall / both都dōucan / be able to能néngto apply (sth hitherto used…套用tào yòngall所有suǒ yǒu(construction) frame框架kuāng jià。

from从cóng + noun名词míng cí + to hit (the mark)中zhōng — to originate from源自yuán zìsome某mǒusource (of information etc)来源lái yuáninterior内部nèi bù

you你nǐto arrange整理zhěng lǐto finish完wán一叠yī diéclient客户kè hùletter (sent by mail)信件xìn jiànback后hòu，band带dài(ongoing -ing)着zhe一个yí gèreality实际shí jìto change改变gǎi biànto depart离开lí kāi。these这些zhè xiēletter (sent by mail)信件xìn jiànis precisely正是zhèng shìshould该gāito change改变gǎi biànto arise产生chǎn shēng(modifier / structural particle)的dereceptacle容器róng qì。

to appear形xíng

from从cóng + source (of information etc)来源lái yuán + to hit (the mark)中zhōng + you你nǐ(nominalizer)所suǒto obtain获得huò dé(modifier / structural particle)的decontent内容nèi róng。source (of information etc)来源lái yuánto be / is是shìnoun名词míng cí：book书shū、to travel旅行lǚ xíng、mistaken错误cuò wù、meeting会议huì yì、一叠yī diéletter (sent by mail)信件xìn jiànto wait for等děng。「to hit (the mark)中zhōng」to close封闭fēng bìsource (of information etc)来源lái yuán，to desire将jiānghis其qíto regard as视作shì zuòyou你nǐto penetrate deeply深入shēn rùto look closely at审视shěn shì(modifier / structural particle)的detarget对象duì xiàng。next其后qí hòu接所获jiē suǒ huòresult成果chéng guǒ：you你nǐto learn学会xué huì(completed / change)了le、to comprehend理解lǐ jiě(completed / change)了le、to notice发现fā xiàn(completed / change)了lemaybe或huòto improve改进gǎi jìn(completed / change)了lesomething某事mǒu shì。at or in the very same...当dāngyou你nǐto use以yǐknowledge知识zhī shímaybe或huòexperience经验jīng yàn(modifier / structural particle)的desource (of information etc)来源lái yuánto come来láito reply回答huí dá“this这zhè从何而来cóng hé ér lái？”o'clock时shí，should该gāi(construction) frame框架kuāng jiàat / in在zàicolloquial speech口语kǒu yǔand / with和héwritten language书面语shū miàn yǔ中均zhōng jūnto be applicable适用shì yòng。

例文lì wén

she / her她tāfrom从cóng三个sān gèmoon月yuè(modifier / structural particle)的deto practice实习shí xíto hit (the mark)中zhōngto obtain获得huò dé(completed / change)了legenuine真正zhēn zhèng(modifier / structural particle)的deconfidence信心xìn xīn。

she / her她tāfrom从cóng三个sān gèmoon月yuè(modifier / structural particle)的deto practice实习shí xíto hit (the mark)中zhōngto obtain获得huò dé(completed / change)了legenuine真正zhēn zhèng(modifier / structural particle)的deconfidence信心xìn xīn。

from从cóngthat那nà几封jǐ fēngclient客户kè hùincoming letter来信lái xìnto hit (the mark)中zhōng，we / us我们wǒ mento change改gǎigood好hǎo(completed / change)了leto return merchandise退货tuì huò(modifier / structural particle)的decourse流程liú chéng。

from从cóngthat那nà几封jǐ fēngclient客户kè hù信中xìn zhōng，we / us我们wǒ mento improve改进gǎi jìn(completed / change)了leto return merchandise退货tuì huòcourse流程liú chéng。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

「from从cóng……to / arrive到dào」to cover覆盖fù gàifrom从cónga bit一点yì diǎnto / arrive到dàoother另lìnga bit一点yì diǎn(modifier / structural particle)的despan跨度kuà dù。「from从cóngMonday周一zhōu yīto / arrive到dàoWednesday周三zhōu sān」finger指zhǐMonday周一zhōu yīto arrive至zhìWednesday周三zhōu sān：Monday周一zhōu yīto be / is是shìstarting point起点qǐ diǎn，sentence句子jù ziitself本身běn shēnvariant of 并并bìngnot不bùto withdraw (money)提取tí qǔMonday周一zhōu yī(modifier / structural particle)的deany任何rèn hécontent内容nèi róng。alone单独dān dú(modifier / structural particle)的de「from从cóng」same同样tóng yàngto indicate标示biāo shìorigin起源qǐ yuánmaybe或huòpath路径lù jìng。「from从cónglibrary图书馆tú shū guǎnto set off出发chū fā」to express / indicate表示biǎo shìlibrary图书馆tú shū guǎnto be / is是shìstarting point出发点chū fā diǎn。at or in the very same...当dāngnoun名词míng cíto be / is是shìyou你nǐfrom within从中cóng zhōngto draw汲取jí qǔto provide guidance教训jiào xùnmaybe或huòfact事实shì shí(modifier / structural particle)的dereceptacle容器róng qìo'clock时shí，to ask请qǐngto use使用shǐ yòng「to hit (the mark)中zhōng」。colloquial speech口语kǒu yǔto hit (the mark)中zhōng，「li, ancient measure of…里lǐ」always常chángto occupy占据zhàn jùidentical同一tóng yīposition位置wèi zhì，as如rú「从书里cóng shū lǐto learn (sth)学到xué dào」。many许多xǔ duōoutstanding优秀yōu xiù(modifier / structural particle)的de「from从cóng」words字句zì jùvariant of 并并bìngnot不bùto keep in the mouth含hán「to hit (the mark)中zhōng」，they (for inanimate objects)它们tā menbarely仅jǐnan assertion陈述chén shùto originate起始qǐ shǐpoint点diǎn。

not to have无wú + noun名词míng cí + used in 可汗可kě + verb动词dòng cí — can't无可wú kěV(modifier / structural particle)的deN

活动室huó dòng shìalready已yǐ(passive: by)被bèito place an order预订yù dìng，park (for public recreation)公园gōng yuánalso也yěalready已yǐto close关闭guān bì。lengthy (report or speech)长篇cháng piānto complain抱怨bào yuàncan / may可以kě yǐin a little while稍后shāo hòuagain / then再zàito carry (hanging down from…提tí。you你nǐto need需要xū yàoa line of verse一句yī jùconcise简洁jiǎn jié(modifier / structural particle)的deto express表达biǎo dá：some某mǒu一整yī zhěngkind类lèithing事物shì wùlack缺失quē shī、to lack缺乏quē fáto meet with会面huì miànlocation场所chǎng suǒ、lack缺少quē shǎoto cite引证yǐn zhèngaccording to依据yī jù，maybe或huòto have nothing to say…无话可说wú huà kě shuō。

to appear形xíng

not to have无wú + noun名词míng cí + used in 可汗可kě + verb动词dòng cí。「not to have无wú」to correspond (to)对应duì yìng「not have / haven't没有méi yǒu」(modifier / structural particle)的deconcept概念gài niàn，「used in 可汗可kě」to correspond (to)对应duì yìng「can / may可以kě yǐ」(modifier / structural particle)的deconcept概念gài niàn，whole entity整体zhěng tǐto present to a superior呈chéngwritten language书面语shū miàn yǔbody体tǐ。meaning (implicit in a…含义hán yìfor为wèi“not have / haven't没有méi yǒucan / be able to能néngV(modifier / structural particle)的deN”。formal正式zhèng shìand及jíin writing书面shū miànChinese language汉语hàn yǔstill仍réngto continue to use (old…沿用yán yòng此构cǐ gòutype式shìto generate生成shēng chéngnew新xīnphrase (grammar)短语duǎn yǔ。to ask请qǐngto desire将jiānghigh frequency高频gāo pínto pair up搭配dā pèione's conduct作为zuò wéiwhole entity整体zhěng tǐto remember记忆jì yì：「to have nothing to say…无话可说wú huà kě shuō」、「nowhere to go无路可走wú lù kě zǒu」、「无处可去wú chǔ kě qù」、「not to have无wúmatter事shìused in 可汗可kěto make做zuò」。they (for inanimate objects)它们tā mento be / is是shìcommonly seen常见cháng jiànexample范例fàn lì，really isn't并非bìng fēito use up穷尽qióng jìnlist列表liè biǎo。「homeless无家可归wú jiā kě guī」、「no strategy left to try…无计可施wú jì kě shī」、「unable to无法wú fǎ可依kě yī」also亦yìto follow遵循zūn xúnidentical相同xiāng tóng构式gòu shì。

例文lì wén

evidence证据zhèng jùnot enough不够bù gòu，this这个zhè geway of speaking说法shuō fǎat the present time目前mù qián无据wú jùused in 可汗可kěvariant of 楂查chá。

evidence证据zhèng jùnot enough不够bù gòu，this这个zhè geway of speaking说法shuō fǎat the present time目前mù qiáncan't无可wú kěto check查证chá zhèng。currently existing现有xiàn yǒu证据不足zhèng jù bù zú，therefore因此yīn cǐat the present time目前mù qiánshould该gāito advocate主张zhǔ zhāngnot have / haven't没有méi yǒuany任何rèn héused in 可汗可kě(passive: by)被bèito examine核查hé chá(modifier / structural particle)的deaccording to依据yī jù。

community社区shè qūcenter中心zhōng xīnat / in在zàito decorate装修zhuāng xiū，邻居们lín jū menweekend周末zhōu mònowhere无处wú chǔ可聚kě jù。

コミュニティセンターが改修gǎi xiūto hit (the mark)中zhōngであるため、near近jìn(nominalizer)所suǒのperson人rén々はweekend週末zhōu mòにto gather集jíまるlocation場所chǎng suǒがありません。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

会話huì huàにおいて、same一般yì bān(modifier / structural particle)的deなto show表現biǎo xiànは「not have / haven't没有méi yǒu + noun名詞míng cí + can / may可以kě yǐ + verb動詞dòng cí」、example例lìえば「not have / haven't没有méi yǒuarea地方dì fāngcan / may可以kě yǐto congregate聚jù」です。short短duǎnいto appear形xíngはyoung少shǎoし文語wén yǔ(modifier / structural particle)的deですが、「to have nothing to say…无话可说wú huà kě shuō」のようなto finalize (a design etc)定型dìng xíngsentence句jùも会話huì huàでto make使shǐわれます。「无据wú jùused in 可汗可kěvariant of 楂查chá」のようなnew新xīnしいフレーズもouter appearance形式xíng shì(modifier / structural particle)的deなecho響xiǎngきをto defend保bǎoっています。「have no way out无可奈何wú kě nài hé」はdifferent異yìなる構文gòu wénです：「not to have无wú」と「used in 可汗可kě」のgap間jiānにwhat何héもto install置zhìかず、これは「なすすべがない」ことをmeaning意味yì wèiします。

not only (... but also ...)不但bù dàn……，even甚至shèn zhìto link连lián……also也yě…… — ～だけでなく、 even（～ даже）」

このdraft草稿cǎo gǎoはすでにuseful有用yǒu yòngでした。most最zuìback後hòuのempty / sky空kōngき部屋bù wūを予約yǔ yuēすることは、who誰shuíも予想yǔ xiǎngしなかった一歩yī bùでした。「moreover而且ér qiě」ならJapanese variant of 单単dānなるtwo二èrつeye目mùのmatter事shìJapanese variant of 实実shíをto add something extra追加zhuī jiāするだけですが、この構文gòu wénではtwo二èrつeye目mùのmatter事shìJapanese variant of 实実shíをlimit極限jí xiànのexample例lìとしてto collect扱xīいます。

to appear形xíng

subject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔ + not only (... but also ...)不但bù dàn + 状況zhuàng kuàngA + ，even甚至shèn zhìto link连lián + item項目xiàng mùB + also也yě + BにJapanese variant of 对対duìするreally真zhēnJapanese variant of 实実shí。 not only (... but also ...)不但bù dànはalready既jìにimportant重要zhòng yàoなmatter事shìJapanese variant of 实実shíでto begin始shǐめます。「even甚至shèn zhìto link连lián」はBをfinger指zhǐしto show示shìし、「also也yě」はBをto advocate主張zhǔ zhāngにto keep in the mouth含hánめます。Bはよりto startle驚jīngくべき、あるいはto request要求yāo qiúのsee 大夫大dàきいケースであるべきです。BがJapanese variant of 稳穏wěnやかなsituation場合chǎng héでもgrammar文法wén fǎ(modifier / structural particle)的deにはstraight正zhèngしいですが、Japanese variant of 单単dānにhigh高gāoまりがto do作zuòられず、「moreover而且ér qiě」だけでvery十分shí fēnだったことになります。subject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔは not only (... but also ...)不但bù dàn のfront前qiánにto install置zhìきます。「also也yě」はBについて(bound form) to state述shùべるverb動詞dòng cíの直前zhí qiánにto install置zhìきます。

例文lì wén

新来xīn lái(modifier / structural particle)的deaccountant会计kuài jìnot only (... but also ...)不但bù dànto notice发现fā xiàn(completed / change)了leaccount账zhàng(bound form) up上shàng(modifier / structural particle)的demistaken错误cuò wù，even甚至shèn zhìto link连liánlast year去年qù nián(modifier / structural particle)的deinvoice发票fā piàoalso也yěto check核对hé duì(completed / change)了leone time (all the way…一遍yī biàn。

新入xīn rùりの会計士huì jì shìnot just不仅bù jǐnto notice发现fā xiàn(completed / change)了leaccount账zhàng(bound form) up上shàng(modifier / structural particle)的demistaken错误cuò wù，even甚至shèn zhìto link连liánlast year去年qù nián(modifier / structural particle)的deinvoice发票fā piàoalso也yěto check核对hé duì(completed / change)了leone time (all the way…一遍yī biàn。新入xīn rùりの会計士huì jì shìはaccount book帳簿zhàng bùのmistake誤wùりをJapanese variant of 发発fāto appear見jiànしただけでなく、last year去年qù niánのneck領lǐngvariant of 收収shōubook書shūもすべてto confirm確認què rènしました。

younger brother弟弟dì dinot only (... but also ...)不但bù dànnot / haven't没méiold variant of 碰碰pèngrefrigerator冰箱bīng xiāngli, ancient measure of…里lǐ(modifier / structural particle)的decake蛋糕dàn gāo，even甚至shèn zhìto link连lián桌上zhuō shàng(modifier / structural particle)的dechocolate (loanword)巧克力qiǎo kè lìalso也yěto set aside for留给liú gěi(completed / change)了levisitor客人kè rén。

younger brother弟弟dì dinot just不仅bù jǐnnot / haven't没méiold variant of 碰碰pèngrefrigerator冰箱bīng xiāngli, ancient measure of…里lǐ(modifier / structural particle)的decake蛋糕dàn gāo，even甚至shèn zhìto link连lián桌上zhuō shàng(modifier / structural particle)的dechocolate (loanword)巧克力qiǎo kè lìalso也yěto set aside for留给liú gěi(completed / change)了levisitor客人kè rén。variant of 悌弟dìはcold冷lěngJapanese variant of 藏蔵zāngwarehouse庫kùのケーキにto touch触chùれなかっただけでなく、テーブルの(bound form) up上shàngのチョコレートまでcustomer客kèのためにto take取qǔっておきました。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

not only (... but also ...)不但bù dàn……moreover而且ér qiě…… はtwo二èrつのmatter事shìJapanese variant of 实実shíをknot結jiéびつけ、どちらのmatter事shìJapanese variant of 实実shíもcommon普通pǔ tōng(modifier / structural particle)的deでto construct構gòuいません。「even甚至shèn zhìto link连lián……also也yě……」は「to link连lián……also也yě」（even）のpower力lìをto add加jiāえ、Bがto hear聞wénきhand手shǒuがto exclude除外chú wàiしていたpossibility可能性kě néng xìngのあるケースのようにto hear聞wénこえます。「all / both都dōu」も「to link连lián」とgether naturally にto make使shǐわれ、chief長zhǎngいlanguage文wénでも「also也yěall / both都dōu」がto make使shǐわれることもあります。ここではモデルとして「also也yě」をto make使shǐっていますが、「all / both都dōu」にJapanese variant of 变変biànえてもmeaning意味yì wèiはcontrary反fǎnJapanese variant of 转転zhuǎnしません。この構文gòu wénがnecessary必要bì yàoとするのは、AからBへの本格běn gé(modifier / structural particle)的deな段階duàn jiē(modifier / structural particle)的de(bound form) up上shàng(used as a surname and in…昇shēngです。

（with / and跟gēn / and / with和hé / and / with与yǔ）……to have sth to do with有关yǒu guān(modifier / structural particle)的de + noun名词míng cí — ～に関連guān liánするnoun名詞míng cí

necessary必要bì yàoなフォルダーにはto be connected交通jiāo tōngにvariant of 关関guānするメモがto keep in the mouth含hánまれています。この構文gòu wénはその関連性guān lián xìngをnoun名詞míng cíにdirect (opposite: indirect…直接zhí jiēknot結jiéびつけています。

to appear形xíng

with / and跟gēn / and / with和hé / and / with与yǔ + subject (of a talk or…话题huà tí + to have sth to do with有关yǒu guān(modifier / structural particle)的de + noun名词míng cí。to be located at位于wèi yú“(modifier / structural particle)的de”before之前zhī qián(modifier / structural particle)的decomposition成分chéng fènto decorate修饰xiū shìshould该gāinoun名词míng cí。“(modifier / structural particle)的de”to desire将jiāngshould该gāito link连接lián jiēto fix固定gù dìng(of time or place) in于yúshould该gāinoun名词míng cí(bound form) up上shàng。“with / and跟gēn”and / with和hé“and / with和hé”to be applicable适用shì yòng(of time or place) in于yúday-to-day日常rì chángcolloquial speech口语kǒu yǔ。“and / with与yǔ”to be / is是shìidentical同一tóng yīscale尺度chǐ dù(modifier / structural particle)的deformal正式zhèng shìto express表达biǎo dá，常见于cháng jiàn yúpost公告gōng gàoand / with和héto inform报告bào gàoto hit (the mark)中zhōng，also也yěused in 可汗可kěto use in用于yòng yúto speak说话shuō huàperson人rénwording措辞cuò cícautious谨慎jǐn shèno'clock时shí。“and / with和hé”also也yěin common usage常用cháng yòng(of time or place) in于yúwritten language书面语shū miàn yǔ。三者sān zhěequal均jūnto not be非fēimistaken错误cuò wù。that level or lower以下yǐ xià第一个dì yí gèto illustrate示例shì lìto use使用shǐ yòng口语化kǒu yǔ huà(modifier / structural particle)的de“with / and跟gēn”，第二个dì èr gèto illustrate示例shì lìto use使用shǐ yòngwritten language书面语shū miàn yǔ(modifier / structural particle)的de“and / with与yǔ”。

例文lì wén

with / and跟gēnsleep睡眠shuì miánto have sth to do with有关yǒu guān(modifier / structural particle)的dehabit习惯xí guàn，she / her她tāthis这个zhè gemoon月yuèall / both都dōuwant / think / miss想xiǎngto adjust调整tiáo zhěng(used after a verb) give it…一下yī xià。

with / and跟gēnsleep睡眠shuì miánto have sth to do with有关yǒu guān(modifier / structural particle)的dehabit习惯xí guàn，she / her她tāthis这个zhè gemoon月yuèall / both都dōuwant / think / miss想xiǎngto adjust调整tiáo zhěng(used after a verb) give it…一下yī xià。今月jīn yuè、彼女bǐ nǚはsleep睡眠shuì miánに関連guān liánするすべてのhabit習慣xí guànを見直jiàn zhíしたいとto think思sīっています。

and / with与yǔserious fire (in a city or…火灾huǒ zāito flee for one's life逃生táo shēngto have sth to do with有关yǒu guān(modifier / structural particle)的deto explain说明shuō míngto stick贴tiēat / in在zàieach每měilayer一层yī céng(modifier / structural particle)的dehead of a flight of stairs楼梯口lóu tī kǒu。

and / with与yǔserious fire (in a city or…火灾huǒ zāito flee for one's life逃生táo shēngto have sth to do with有关yǒu guān(modifier / structural particle)的deto explain说明shuō míngto stick贴tiēat / in在zàieach每měilayer一层yī céng(modifier / structural particle)的dehead of a flight of stairs楼梯口lóu tī kǒu。各階gè jiēのstage階段jiē duànto enter入rùりmouth口kǒuには、火災時huǒ zāi shíのrefuge避難bì nánmethod方法fāng fǎにvariant of 关関guānするvariant of 说説shuōbright明míngがto stick貼tiēられています。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

「(modifier / structural particle)的de」がなく、Japanese variant of 续続xùくnoun名詞míng cíもないsituation場合chǎng hé、see 胡同同tóngじto check考kǎoえsquare方fāngはpredicate述語shù yǔとなります：「these这些zhè xiēhabit习惯xí guànwith / and跟gēnsleep睡眠shuì miánto have sth to do with有关yǒu guān」はこれらのhabit習慣xí guànがsleep睡眠shuì miánにvariant of 关関guānto connect係xìしているというmeaning意味yì wèiになります。2つのものをknot結jiéぶsituation場合chǎng héはpredicate述語shù yǔをto make使shǐいます。Japanese variant of 对対duìelephant象xiàngそのものを名指míng zhǐすnecessary必要bì yàoがあるsituation場合chǎng héは「to have sth to do with有关yǒu guān(modifier / structural particle)的de」をto make使shǐいます。Japanese variant of 揭掲jiēto show示shìthing物wùなどはto leave別biéのouter appearance形式xíng shì(modifier / structural particle)的deなsequence順序shùn xù「to have sth to do with有关yǒu guān + トピック + (modifier / structural particle)的de + noun名詞míng cí」、example例lìえば「to have sth to do with有关yǒu guānserious fire (in a city or…火灾huǒ zāito flee for one's life逃生táo shēng(modifier / structural particle)的deto explain说明shuō míng」をgood好hǎoむことがあります。このsequence順序shùn xù自体zì tǐがone / a一yīつの構文gòu wénです。これらを混在hùn zàiさせると、「and / with与yǔto have sth to do with有关yǒu guānserious fire (in a city or…火灾huǒ zāi(modifier / structural particle)的deto explain说明shuō míng」のようにJapanese variant of 读読dú(after a verb or adjective)…者zhěにフレーズのto revise修正xiū zhèngをto seek求qiúめることになります。

so-called所谓suǒ wèi +（(modifier / structural particle)的de）+ noun名词míng cíphrase (grammar)短语duǎn yǔ — ～so-called所谓suǒ wèi(modifier / structural particle)的de

チームメイトが「variant of 效効xiào率性shuài xìng」をto reel silk from cocoons繰zǎoりto return (to)返fǎnしwords言yánっています。その言葉yán yèをlanguage文wénにJapanese variant of 戾戻tìしたいけれど、まだその言葉yán yèがapt適切shì qièかどうかto decide決juéまっていないsituation場合chǎng héです。「so-called所谓suǒ wèi」はJapanese variant of 读読dú(after a verb or adjective)…者zhěのheart心xīnのto hit (the mark)中zhōngでラベルをto quote引用yǐn yòngmark符fúでJapanese variant of 围囲tōngむようにto set設定shè dìngします。

to appear形xíng

so-called所谓suǒ wèi + ((modifier / structural particle)的de) + noun名詞míng cíphrase (grammar)短语duǎn yǔ。 「(modifier / structural particle)的de」はany任意rèn yìです。「so-called所谓suǒ wèiefficiency效率xiào lǜ」と「so-called所谓suǒ wèi(modifier / structural particle)的deefficiency效率xiào lǜ」のJapanese variant of 两両liǎngsquare方fāngがto use / with用yòngいられ、special特tèにchief長zhǎngいフレーズのfront前qiánでは「(modifier / structural particle)的de」をto make使shǐうほうがnature自然zì ránです。noun名詞míng cíphrase (grammar)短语duǎn yǔはラベルそのものです：name (of a thing)名称míng chēng、スローガン、to judge判断pàn duànなど。「so-called所谓suǒ wèi」はラベルをsoft柔róuらかくします。それ自体zì tǐでJapanese variant of 对対duìelephant象xiàngがJapanese variant of 恶悪èidea意yìがあることをdeclaration宣言xuān yánするわけではありません。文脈wén màiがtemperature温度wēn dùをto set設定shè dìngします。to comment議論yì lùnではよくJapanese variant of 怀懐huáito doubt疑yí(modifier / structural particle)的deにto hear聞wénこえます。definition定義dìng yìとしては「what people call」や「what is referred to as」にnear近jìnいimpartiality中立性zhōng lì xìngをto defend保bǎoつことができます。

例文lì wén

manager经理jīng lǐso-called所谓suǒ wèi(modifier / structural particle)的deefficient高效gāo xiào，actually其实qí shíto be / is是shìto let / make让ràng所有人suǒ yǒu rénto work overtime加班jiā bānto / arrive到dàodegree / adjective linker很hěnevening晚wǎn。

manager经理jīng lǐso-called所谓suǒ wèi(modifier / structural particle)的deefficiency效率xiào lǜ，actually其实qí shíto be / is是shìto let / make让ràng所有人suǒ yǒu rénto work overtime加班jiā bānto / arrive到dàodegree / adjective linker很hěnevening晚wǎn。マネージャーso-called所谓suǒ wèi(modifier / structural particle)的devariant of 效効xiào率性shuài xìngは、Japanese variant of 实実shíはall personnel全員quán yuánをJapanese variant of 迟遅chíくまで残業cán yèさせることです。

so-called所谓suǒ wèi(modifier / structural particle)的de“common共同gòng tóngto decide (to do something)决定jué dìng”，at / in在zài这份zhè fènagreement协议xié yìli, ancient measure of…里lǐfinger指zhǐ(modifier / structural particle)的deto be / is是shìbilateral双方shuāng fāngall / both都dōuwant / will / need要yàoto sign (one's name)签字qiān zì。

so-called所谓suǒ wèi(modifier / structural particle)的de“common共同gòng tóngto decide (to do something)决定jué dìng”，at / in在zài这份zhè fènagreement协议xié yìli, ancient measure of…里lǐfinger指zhǐ(modifier / structural particle)的deto be / is是shìbilateral双方shuāng fāngall / both都dōuwant / will / need要yàoto sign (one's name)签字qiān zì。このagreement契約qì yuēにおいて「common共同gòng tóng(modifier / structural particle)的deto decide (to do something)決定jué dìng」とto shout呼hūばれるものは、bilateral双方shuāng fāngがto sign (a signature)署名shǔ míngすることをmeaning意味yì wèiします。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

第一个dì yí gèto illustrate示例shì lìimprobable不会bú huìto award授予shòu yǔname (of a thing)名称míng chēng：“to stay up late or all night熬夜áo yè”and / with与yǔ“efficiency效率xiào lǜ”相悖xiāng bèi。第二个dì èr gèto illustrate示例shì lìto quote引用yǐn yòngterm术语shù yǔvariant of 并并bìngto explain说明shuō míngdocument文件wén jiànto / towards / correct对duìhis其qí(modifier / structural particle)的dedefinition定义dìng yì。English (language)英语yīng yǔto hit (the mark)中zhōng(modifier / structural particle)的de“so-called所谓suǒ wèi”usually往往wǎng wǎngto have as a feature or…带有dài yǒuderogatory sense贬义biǎn yì。“so-called所谓suǒ wèi”already既jìbut可是kě shìderogatory sense贬义biǎn yì，also也yěbut可是kě shìcalm冷静lěng jìng(modifier / structural particle)的dedefinition定义dìng yì，concrete具体jù tǐto hinge on取决于qǔ jué yúfollow-up后续hòu xùcontent内容nèi róng。若需ruò xūopen公开gōng kāito praise赞扬zàn yáng，to ask请qǐngto leave out省略shěng lüèshould该gāi(construction) frame框架kuāng jià。“so-called所谓suǒ wèi(modifier / structural particle)的degood好hǎomeans办法bàn fǎ”仍会réng huìand / with与yǔyou你nǐto keep保持bǎo chídistance距离jù lí。“(modifier / structural particle)的de”barely仅jǐnto be / is是shìrhythm节奏jié zòuto select选择xuǎn zé，really isn't并非bìng fēiextra额外é wài(modifier / structural particle)的deto doubt (sth)怀疑huái yídosage剂量jì liàng。

to practice練習liàn xí — Part 2

1. リンは、seasoning調味料diào wèi liàoのto teach授業shòu yèがthat彼bǐが(degree marker)得deたtechnical ability技能jì néngのroot源yuánであることをto show示shìしたい。どのlanguage文wénがそれを(bound form) to state述shùべているか。

A. she / her她tāfrom从cóng第一堂dì yī tángseasoning调味tiáo wèi课到kè dàofinal最后zuì hòu一堂课yī táng kèall / both都dōudegree / adjective linker很hěnto be hungry饿è。

B. she / her她tāfrom从cóng那门nà ménseasoning调味tiáo wèisubject课kèmiddle school中学zhōng xuécan / will会huì(completed / change)了leto control控制kòng zhìheat control火候huǒ hòu。

C. she / her她tā(把: marks the object)把bǎsalt盐yánfrom从cóngkitchen厨房chú fángli, ancient measure of…里lǐto get拿到ná dào(completed / change)了leclassroom教室jiào shì。

2. ラボメモは、「not to have无wú + noun名詞míng cí + used in 可汗可kě + verb動詞dòng cí」のコンパクトなフレームをto use / with用yòngい、彼女bǐ nǚがvariant of 赖頼làiれるto admonish証zhèngJapanese variant of 据拠jùがないことをmeaning意味yì wèiするべきである。Japanese variant of 两両liǎngsquare方fāngのcondition条件tiáo jiànをJapanese variant of 满満mǎnたすlanguage文wénはどれか。

A. machine机器jī qìto stop停tíng(completed / change)了le，she / her她tānot have / haven't没有méi yǒuevidence证据zhèng jùcan / may可以kě yǐto rely on sth (for support…依靠yī kào。

B. machine机器jī qìto stop停tíng(completed / change)了le，she / her她tā无据wú jù可依kě yī。

C. machine机器jī qìto stop停tíng(completed / change)了le，she / her她tāhave no way out无可奈何wú kě nài hé。

3. 司書sī shūはto learn学xuéんだperson人rénである。ancient古gǔい(adverb -ly)地deJapanese variant of 图図túはそのroot源yuánである。よりgood良liángいJapanese variant of 检検jiǎnto search索suǒmethod方法fāng fǎは(degree marker)得deられたresult成果chéng guǒである。すべてのessential factor要素yào sùをfor a time一度yí dùずつto use使用shǐ yòngせよ。

to learn学会xué huì(completed / change)了le / 更好gèng hǎo(modifier / structural particle)的deto retrieve (data)检索jiǎn suǒmethod方法fāng fǎ / 馆员guǎn yuán / from从cóngthis这zhè张旧zhāng jiùmap地图dì túto hit (the mark)中zhōng

4. レポートをto print印刷yìn shuāすることはfirst最初zuì chūのmatter事shìJapanese variant of 实実shíである。バックアップドライブはさらにto startle驚jīngくべきto add something extra追加zhuī jiāinformation情報qíng bàoであり、すでにto confirm確認què rènJapanese variant of 济済jìみであった。subject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔは「that彼bǐ」である。すべてのessential factor要素yào sùをfor a time一度yí dùずつto use使用shǐ yòngせよ。

also也yěinspection检查jiǎn chá(experienced)过guo(completed / change)了le / even甚至shèn zhìto link连liánbackup备份bèi fènhard disk硬盘yìng pán / to affix a seal打印dǎ yìn(completed / change)了leto inform报告bào gào / he / him他tānot only (... but also ...)不但bù dàn

5. クリニックのwall壁bìにJapanese variant of 揭掲jiēto show示shìされるJapanese variant of 揭掲jiēto show示shìthing物wùは、フォーマルなecho響xiǎngきをto hold持chíつべきである。薬物yào wùアレルギーにvariant of 关関guānするto record記jìJapanese variant of 录録lùはalready既jìにロックされている。most最zuìもapt適切shì qièなlanguage文wénはどれか。

A. with / and跟gēnmedicaments药物yào wùoversensitive过敏guò mǐnto have sth to do with有关yǒu guān(modifier / structural particle)的deto record记录jì lùalready已经yǐ jīngto lock (a door)锁定suǒ dìng(completed / change)了le。

B. and / with与yǔmedicaments药物yào wùoversensitive过敏guò mǐnto have sth to do with有关yǒu guān(modifier / structural particle)的deto record记录jì lùalready已经yǐ jīngto lock (a door)锁定suǒ dìng(completed / change)了le。

C. and / with与yǔmedicaments药物yào wùoversensitive过敏guò mǐnto have sth to do with有关yǒu guānto record记录jì lùalready已经yǐ jīngto lock (a door)锁定suǒ dìng(completed / change)了le。

6. small小xiǎoテストでoutcome結果jié guǒがJapanese variant of 恶悪èかったback後hòu、teacher教師jiào shīはクラスをto encourage励lìまし、「not have / haven't没有méi yǒugift天赋tiān fù」というラベルをto negate否定fǒu dìngし、who誰shuíかをreproof非難fēi nánしていない。most最zuìもapt適切shì qièなlanguage文wénはどれか。

A. so-called所谓suǒ wèi(modifier / structural particle)的denot have / haven't没有méi yǒugift天赋tiān fù，but不过bú guòto be / is是shì这次zhè cìvariant of 复习复习fù xí得太少dé tài shǎo。

B. you (plural)你们nǐ menso-called所谓suǒ wèi(modifier / structural particle)的deto make an effort努力nǔ lì，but不过bú guòto be / is是shìnot have / haven't没有méi yǒugift天赋tiān fù(modifier / structural particle)的deto use as an excuse借口jiè kǒu。

C. teacher老师lǎo shīso-called所谓suǒ wèi(modifier / structural particle)的deto encourage鼓励gǔ lì，actually其实qí shíto be / is是shìat / in在zàivariant of 怪怪guàiyou (plural)你们nǐ mennot have / haven't没有méi yǒugift天赋tiān fù。

7. 一文yī wénをbook書shūけ。7th earthly branch: 11…午wǔback後hòu6時以shí yǐto surrender降jiàng、only唯一wéi yīのan exit出口chū kǒuであるPeimen township in Tainan…北門běi ménはto close閉bìまっている。そのことがスタッフにwhat何héをmeaning意味yì wèiするかを、「not to have无wú + a noun名詞míng cí + used in 可汗可kě + a verb動詞dòng cí」のouter appearance形式xíng shìで(bound form) to state述shùべよ。「Peimen township in Tainan…北门běi mén」はそのままto destroy残cánすこと。

8. 二文èr wénをbook書shūけ。first第一dì yīlanguage文wénでは「from从cóng……to hit (the mark)中zhōng」をto use使用shǐ yòngし、「the first time第一次dì yī cìexperiment试验shì yàn」をグループがto appear見jiànつけたJapanese variant of 实実shíto use / with用yòng(modifier / structural particle)的deなmethod方法fāng fǎのroot源yuánとしてto destroy残cánすこと。second第二dì èrlanguage文wénでは「so-called所谓suǒ wèi」をto use使用shǐ yòngし、「light轻松qīng sōng(modifier / structural particle)的devictory胜利shèng lì」というラベルをto destroy残cánしつつ、グループがwhole整整zhěng zhěng一个yí gèweekend周末zhōu mò（一週間yī zhōu jiān）もto cost費fèiやしたため、そのラベルを素直sù zhíにto receive受shòuけto enter入rùれないことをto show示shìすこと。

to solve (a problem)解答jiě dá — Part 2

1. B.

she / her她tāfrom从cóng那门nà ménseasoning调味tiáo wèisubject课kèmiddle school中学zhōng xuécan / will会huì(completed / change)了leto control控制kòng zhìheat control火候huǒ hòu。

Tā cóng nà mén tiáowèi kè zhōng xuéhuì le kòngzhì huǒhòu. to teach授業shòu yèがroot源yuánであり、「to hit (the mark)中zhōng」でknot結jiéびつき、technical ability技能jì néngがresult成果chéng guǒとなる。Aはfirst最初zuì chūのto teach授業shòu yèからmost最zuìback後hòuのto teach授業shòu yèまでJapanese variant of 单単dānに「おabdomen腹fùがempty / sky空kōngいていた」と(bound form) to state述shùべているのみ。CはJapanese variant of 盐塩yánをキッチンからclassroom教室jiào shìへto hold持chíってきているだけ。

2. B.

machine机器jī qìto stop停tíng(completed / change)了le，she / her她tā无据wú jù可依kě yī。

Jīqì tíng le, tā wú jù kě yī. 「according to据jù」はnoun名詞míng cí「evidence证据zhèng jù（to admonish証zhèngJapanese variant of 据拠jù）」であり、「to depend on依yī」はverb動詞dòng cí「rely on（variant of 赖頼làiる）」である。Aはよりchief長zhǎngいdialect話huàし言葉yán yèのto appear形xíng「not have / haven't没有méi yǒu……can / may可以kě yǐ……」でsee 胡同同tóngじmeaning意味yì wèiをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoしている。Cはwhat何héかをOK / to walk行xíngうことができないことをmeaning意味yì wèiしており、noun名詞míng cíが「not to have无wú」と「used in 可汗可kě」のgap間jiānにto stand立lìっていない。

3. これら3つto hit (the mark)中zhōng(modifier / structural particle)的deany任意rèn yìequal均jūnused in 可汗可kě。from从cóngthis这zhè张旧zhāng jiùmap地图dì túto hit (the mark)中zhōng（このancient古gǔい(adverb -ly)地deJapanese variant of 图図túから）はlump塊kuàiとしてto keep保持bǎo chíされ、to learn学会xué huì(completed / change)了leのfront前qiánにto come来láiる。to learn学会xué huì(completed / change)了leは更好gèng hǎo(modifier / structural particle)的deto retrieve (data)检索jiǎn suǒmethod方法fāng fǎto come来láito control支配zhī pèiするが、そのmethod方法fāng fǎがtheme主題zhǔ tíとしてahead前面qián miànにvariant of 出 (classifier…出chūされているsituation場合chǎng héはto get rid of除chúく。

馆员guǎn yuánfrom从cóngthis这zhè张旧zhāng jiùmap地图dì túmiddle school中学zhōng xuécan / will会huì(completed / change)了le更好gèng hǎo(modifier / structural particle)的deto retrieve (data)检索jiǎn suǒmethod方法fāng fǎ。

Guǎnyuán cóng zhè zhāng jiù dìtú zhōng xuéhuì le gèng hǎo de jiǎnsuǒ fāngfǎ. 司書sī shūはこのancient古gǔい(adverb -ly)地deJapanese variant of 图図túからよりgood良liángいJapanese variant of 检検jiǎnto search索suǒmethod方法fāng fǎをto learn学xuéんだ。

from从cóngthis这zhè张旧zhāng jiùmap地图dì túto hit (the mark)中zhōng，馆员guǎn yuánto learn学会xué huì(completed / change)了le更好gèng hǎo(modifier / structural particle)的deto retrieve (data)检索jiǎn suǒmethod方法fāng fǎ。

Cóng zhè zhāng jiù dìtú zhōng, guǎnyuán xuéhuì le gèng hǎo de jiǎnsuǒ fāngfǎ. see 胡同同tóngじmeaning意味yì wèiであり、root源yuánがfirst最初zuì chūにto install置zhìかれている。

更好gèng hǎo(modifier / structural particle)的deto retrieve (data)检索jiǎn suǒmethod方法fāng fǎ，馆员guǎn yuánfrom从cóngthis这zhè张旧zhāng jiùmap地图dì túmiddle school中学zhōng xuécan / will会huì(completed / change)了le。

Gèng hǎo de jiǎnsuǒ fāngfǎ, guǎnyuán cóng zhè zhāng jiù dìtú zhōng xuéhuì le. method方法fāng fǎがtheme主題zhǔ tíであり、(adverb -ly)地deJapanese variant of 图図túはstill依然yī ránとしてroot源yuánである。

4. he / him他tānot only (... but also ...)不但bù dànto affix a seal打印dǎ yìn(completed / change)了leto inform报告bào gào，even甚至shèn zhìto link连liánbackup备份bèi fènhard disk硬盘yìng pánalso也yěinspection检查jiǎn chá(experienced)过guo(completed / change)了le。

Tā bú dàn dǎyìn le bàogào, shènzhì lián bèifèn yìngpán yě jiǎnchá guo le. that彼bǐはレポートをto print印刷yìn shuāしただけではなく、バックアップドライブeven甚至shèn zhìto link连lián（even）もto confirm確認què rènした。even甚至shèn zhìto link连lián comes before the extreme item, and also也yě comes before inspection检查jiǎn chá. The same order without the comma is still this answer. even before the extreme item, and also也yě before inspection检查jiǎn chá. Commaなしでもsee 胡同同tóngじsequence順序shùn xùであればthis这zhèor / still还是hái shìthis这个zhè geanswer答案dá àn。

5. B.

and / with与yǔmedicaments药物yào wùoversensitive过敏guò mǐnto have sth to do with有关yǒu guān(modifier / structural particle)的deto record记录jì lùalready已经yǐ jīngto lock (a door)锁定suǒ dìng(completed / change)了le。

Yǔ yàowù guòmǐn yǒu guān de jìlù yǐjīng suǒdìng le. 「and / with与yǔ」はフォーマルなJapanese variant of 揭掲jiēto show示shìthing物wùにto fit適shìしており、「(modifier / structural particle)的de」がフレーズをto decorate修饰xiū shì（to decorate修飾xiū shì）してto record记录jì lù（to record記jìJapanese variant of 录録lù）にto receive接jiēJapanese variant of 续続xùさせる。Aはdialect話huàし言葉yán yèとしてはnature自然zì ránだが、because因为yīn wèiwith / and跟gēn（because of 'gen'）はカジュアルである。Cは(modifier / structural particle)的deをto leave out省略shěng lüèしているため、to record记录jì lùへのvariant of 联结連結lián jiéがto establish成立chéng lìしない。

6. A.

so-called所谓suǒ wèi(modifier / structural particle)的denot have / haven't没有méi yǒugift天赋tiān fù，but不过bú guòto be / is是shì这次zhè cìvariant of 复习复习fù xí得太少dé tài shǎo。

Suǒwèi de méiyǒu tiānfù, búguò shì zhè cì fùxí de tài shǎo. teacher教師jiào shīはラベルをand / with和héらげ、too little review（to go and return復fù(bound form) to practice習xíinsufficient不足bù zú）をfinger指zhǐしto show示shìすことで、これはto encourage励lìましの言葉yán yèとなる。Bはstudent学生xué shēngのto make an effort努力nǔ lìを excuse（words言yánいJapanese variant of 译訳yì）にJapanese variant of 变変biànえている。Cはto encourage励lìましの言葉yán yèを blame（reproof非難fēi nán）の cover（Japanese variant of 隐隠yǐnれrain coat made of straw etc蓑suō）にしている。

7. モデル：

六点liù diǎnafter以后yǐ hòu，only唯一wéi yī(modifier / structural particle)的dean exit出口chū kǒuPeimen township in Tainan…北门běi ménold variant of 锁锁suǒ(completed / change)了le，staff员工yuán gōngnowhere to go无路可走wú lù kě zǒu。

Liù diǎn yǐhòu, wéiyī de chūkǒu běimén suǒ le, yuángōng wú lù kě zǒu. 7th earthly branch: 11…午wǔback後hòu6時以shí yǐto surrender降jiàng、only唯一wéi yīのan exit出口chū kǒuであるPeimen township in Tainan…北门běi mén（Peimen township in Tainan…北门běi mén）はto close閉bìまっており、therefore因此yīn cǐ staff（staff member工作人员gōng zuò rén yuán）には go（OK / to walk行xíngく） way（road道dào）がない。

also也yěto accept (a suggestion…接受jiē shòu：六点liù diǎnafter以后yǐ hòuPeimen township in Tainan…北门běi ménold variant of 锁锁suǒ(completed / change)了le，staff员工yuán gōngnot to have无wúroad路lùused in 可汗可kěvariant of 出 (classifier…出chū。

Liù diǎn yǐhòu běimén suǒ le, yuángōng wú lù kě chū. Same frame: road路lù is the noun, and variant of 出 (classifier…出chū is the verb. Keep Peimen township in Tainan…北门běi mén, the locked gate, and a real not to have无wú + noun + used in 可汗可kě + verb phrase. see 胡同同tóngJapanese variant of 样様yàngのフレーム：road路lùはnoun名詞míng cí、variant of 出 (classifier…出chūはverb動詞dòng cí。Peimen township in Tainan…北门běi mén（to close閉bìまったgate門mén）と、Japanese variant of 实実shíborder際jìの not to have无wú + noun名詞míng cí + used in 可汗可kě + verb動詞dòng cí フレームをto keep維持wéi chíすること。

8. モデル：

group小组xiǎo zǔfrom从cóngthe first time第一次dì yī cìexperiment试验shì yànto hit (the mark)中zhōngto find找到zhǎo dào(completed / change)了le可用kě yòng(modifier / structural particle)的demethod方法fāng fǎ。

Xiǎozǔ cóng dì-yī cì shìyàn zhōng zhǎodào le kěyòng de fāngfǎ. グループはthe first time第一次dì yī cìexperiment试验shì yàn（初回chū huíJapanese variant of 实実shíJapanese variant of 验験yàn）から usable method（Japanese variant of 实実shíto use / with用yòng(modifier / structural particle)的deなmethod方法fāng fǎ）をto appear見jiànつけた。

so-called所谓suǒ wèi(modifier / structural particle)的de“light轻松qīng sōng(modifier / structural particle)的devictory胜利shèng lì”，actually其实qí shíto use / with用yòngto fall掉diào(completed / change)了leeveryone大家dà jiāwhole整整zhěng zhěng一个yí gèweekend周末zhōu mò。

so-called所谓suǒ wèi(modifier / structural particle)的de“light轻松qīng sōngvictory胜利shèng lì”，in fact实际上shí jì shàngto waste耗费hào fèi(completed / change)了leeveryone大家dà jiāwhole整整zhěng zhěng一个yí gèweekend周末zhōu mò。therefore因此yīn cǐ，“light轻松qīng sōngvictory胜利shèng lì”这一zhè yīway of speaking说法shuō fǎcannot不能bù néngbarely仅jǐnfrom从cóngliteral字面zì miànto accept (a suggestion…接受jiē shòu。

to get rid of去掉qù diào“(modifier / structural particle)的de”(modifier / structural particle)的deversion版本bǎn běnsame同样tóng yàngappropriate恰当qià dàng；to seem若ruòto desire将jiāng“to use / with用yòngto fall掉diào”to exchange替换tì huànfor为wèi“to spend (time, money)花掉huā diào”maybe或huò“to take possession of占zhàn(completed / change)了le”，if only只要zhǐ yào“the first time第一次dì yī cìexperiment试验shì yàn”to keep保留bǎo liúat / in在zài“from从cóng……to hit (the mark)中zhōng”inside内nèi、“light轻松qīng sōng(modifier / structural particle)的devictory胜利shèng lì”to keep保持bǎo chílabel标签biāo qiānouter appearance形式xíng shì、and且qiěweekend周末zhōu mòindeed确实què shí(passive: by)被bèito use up消耗xiāo hào，equal均jūnto establish成立chéng lì。

distance距离jù líto start (a machine)启动qǐ dòngfurthermore还有hái yǒu十二天shí èr tiān。(bound form) woods林línin the middle of正在zhèng zàito set设定shè dìngto close截止jié zhǐdate日期rì qī、to decide (to do something)决定jué dìngto abridge (a text)删减shān jiǎncontent内容nèi róng，variant of 并并bìngto request要求yāo qiústaff员工yuán gōngat / in在zàione / a一yīhour小时xiǎo shíinside内nèito complete完成wán chéng两项liǎng xiàngmission任务rèn wù。这五种zhè wǔ zhǒngmode模式mó shìto be / is是shìshe / her她tāto continue持续chí xùto use使用shǐ yòng(modifier / structural particle)的destrategy策略cè lüè。

at / in在zài + (concept of) time时间shí jiān + inside内nèi

“at / in在zài……inside内nèi”to use in用于yòng yúdefinition界定jiè dìng一段时间yī duàn shí jiān(modifier / structural particle)的derange范围fàn wéi：at / in在zàithis此cǐ期限内qī xiàn nèi，and且qiěat / in在zàitime limit期限qī xiàn(of a term of office) to…届满jiè mǎnbefore之前zhī qián。the middle中间zhōng jiānpart部分bù fèncan / may可以kě yǐto be / is是shìaccurate精确jīng què(modifier / structural particle)的de(concept of) time时间shí jiān，as如rú“十个shí gèworkday工作日gōng zuò rì”，also也yěcan / may可以kě yǐto be / is是shìvague模糊mó hú(modifier / structural particle)的detime interval时段shí duàn，as如rú“一小yī xiǎo段时间duàn shí jiān”。

to appear形xíng

should该gāi框架结构kuāng jià jié gòufor为wèi“at / in在zài + (concept of) time时间shí jiān + inside内nèi”，to do作zuò(concept of) time时间shí jiānadverbial adjunct (adverb…状语zhuàng yǔ，regular通常tōng chángto place in置于zhì yúverb动词dòng cíbefore之前zhī qián。at / in在zàibrief (statement, summary…简短jiǎn duǎnto notify通知tōng zhīto hit (the mark)中zhōng，“at / in在zài”sometimes有时yǒu shíused in 可汗可kěto leave out省略shěng lüè，but但dàn“inside内nèi”still仍réng(in an expression of the…起到qǐ dàoto restrict to限定xiàn dìngtime limit期限qī xiàn(modifier / structural particle)的deto act on作用zuò yòng。

例文lì wén

(business) contract合同hé tóng写明xiě míng，sample样品yàng pǐnto have to必须bì xūat / in在zài十个shí gè工作日内gōng zuò rì nèito send寄jìto / arrive到dàoShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi。

(business) contract合同hé tóngto agree on sth (after…约定yuē dìng，sample样品yàng pǐnto have to必须bì xūat / in在zài十个shí gè工作日内gōng zuò rì nèito send sth by mail寄达jì dáShanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎi。

这次zhè cìto be interviewed (as a…面试miàn shì(modifier / structural particle)的deoutcome结果jié guǒcan / will会huìat / in在zàione week一周yī zhōuinside内nèito announce公布gōng bù。

本次běn cìto be interviewed (as a…面试miàn shìoutcome结果jié guǒto desire将jiāngat / in在zàione week一周yī zhōuinside内nèito announce公布gōng bù。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

“at / in在zài……inside内nèi”to express / indicate表示biǎo shìto be in (some state…处于chǔ yúsome某mǒu段时间duàn shí jiānspan跨度kuà dùinside之中zhī zhōng。to seem若ruòto close截止jié zhǐdate日期rì qīto point towards指向zhǐ xiàngconcrete具体jù tǐ(concept of) time时间shí jiānpoint点diǎn（as如rú“Friday周五zhōu wǔfront前qián”），regular通常tōng chángto use使用shǐ yòng“at / in在zàiFriday星期五xīng qī wǔbefore之前zhī qián”。to seem若ruòweek星期xīng qīname (of a thing)名称míng chēngand / with与yǔ“inside内nèi”to use (two words etc)…连用lián yòng，(literary) (conjunction…则zéshould该gāisun日rìto constitute构成gòu chéng一个yí gè时间段shí jiān duàn——namely即jíFriday周五zhōu wǔperiod of time期间qī jiān(modifier / structural particle)的de某个mǒu gètime时刻shí kè——this这zhèand / with与yǔ“最迟zuì chínot不bùevening晚wǎn(of time or place) in于yúFriday周五zhōu wǔ”(modifier / structural particle)的demeaning (implicit in a…含义hán yìdifferent不同bù tóng。“numeral数词shù cí + within以内yǐ nèi”to be / is是shìcourse课程kè chéng earlier to appear出现chū xiàn(modifier / structural particle)的desimilar类似lèi sìstructure结构jié gòu，always常chángto express表达biǎo dáidentical相同xiāng tóng(modifier / structural particle)的de“not不bùto surpass超过chāo guò此量cǐ liàng”之意zhī yì。root本běn(construction) frame框架kuāng jiàat / in在zàicolloquial speech口语kǒu yǔ、mail邮件yóu jiànand及jírule规则guī zé中均zhōng jūnto keep保持bǎo chíneutral中性zhōng xìngusage用法yòng fǎ。

preferably宁可nìng kě……，also也yěnot不bù / also也yěwant / will / need要yào……

“preferably宁可nìng kě”to make clear表明biǎo míngto speak说话shuō huàperson人rénto wish愿意yuàn yìto undertake承担chéng dānsome kind (of)某种mǒu zhǒngprice代价dài jià(modifier / structural particle)的deto select选择xuǎn zé，句末jù mòcomposition成分chéng fènto show显示xiǎn shì(nominalizer)所suǒto pursue (a goal etc)…追求zhuī qiú(modifier / structural particle)的detarget目标mù biāodirection方向fāng xiàng。

to appear形xíng

“preferably宁可nìng kě A，also也yěnot不bù B”to express / indicate表示biǎo shìto refuse拒绝jù jué B，A to be / is是shìprice代价dài jiàto compare较jiàosmall小xiǎo(modifier / structural particle)的deoption选项xuǎn xiàng；“preferably宁可nìng kě A，also也yěwant / will / need要yào B”(literary) (conjunction…则zéto emphasize (a statement)强调qiáng diàoto persevere with坚持jiān chíto achieve实现shí xiàn B，even if即使jí shǐto require需xūto accept (a suggestion…接受jiē shòu A one's conduct作为zuò wéipremise前提qián tí。

例文lì wén

(literary) to rain雨yǔso much这么zhè mesee 大夫大dà，I / me我wǒpreferably宁可nìng kěat / in在zàicompany公司gōng sīvariant of 吃吃chī碗面wǎn miàn，also也yěnot不bùto brave the rain冒雨mào yǔto go去qùto try to find找zhǎothat那nàhome家jiānew新xīndining hall餐厅cān tīng。

(literary) to rain雨yǔso much这么zhè mesee 大夫大dà，I / me我wǒpreferably宁可nìng kěat / in在zàicompany公司gōng sīvariant of 吃吃chībowl碗wǎnnoodles面条miàn tiáo，also也yěnot不bùto brave the rain冒雨mào yǔto go out出去chū qùto try to find找zhǎothat那nàhome家jiānew新xīndining hall餐厅cān tīng。

he / him他tāpreferably宁可nìng kě(把: marks the object)把bǎweekend周末zhōu mò(modifier / structural particle)的deto travel旅行lǚ xíngto cancel取消qǔ xiāo，also也yěwant / will / need要yào(把: marks the object)把bǎ这份zhè fènto inform报告bào gàoto change改gǎito / arrive到dàosatisfied满意mǎn yìuntil为止wéi zhǐ。

he / him他tāpreferably宁可nìng kěto cancel取消qǔ xiāoweekend周末zhōu mòto travel旅行lǚ xíng，also也yěwant / will / need要yào(把: marks the object)把bǎ这份zhè fènto inform报告bào gàoto amend修改xiū gǎito / arrive到dàosatisfied满意mǎn yìuntil为止wéi zhǐ。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

“preferably宁可nìng kě”tone语气yǔ qìstrong强烈qiáng liè，but但dànat / in在zàicolloquial speech口语kǒu yǔand / with和héwritten language书面语shū miàn yǔ中属zhōng shǔin common usage常用cháng yòngto express表达biǎo dá，than / compared to比bǐtactful委婉wěi wǎn(modifier / structural particle)的de“or / still还是hái shì……(suggestion)吧ba”even more更为gèng wéifirm坚定jiān dìng。“also也yěnot不bù”and / with与yǔ“also也yěwant / will / need要yào”cannot不可bù kěto exchange互换hù huàn：monosyllabic单音节dān yīn jiéparticle (grammatical)助词zhù cíto decide (to do something)决定jué dìng(completed / change)了leback后hòuhalf半bànpart部分bù fènto be / is是shìto refuse拒绝jù juéor / still还是hái shìto have to必须bì xū。to read阅读yuè dú时应shí yīngearly先xiānto pay attention to关注guān zhùback后hòu半句bàn jù：to seem若ruòfor为wèinot不bùto hope希望xī wàng(modifier / structural particle)的deoutcome结果jié guǒ，to expect预期yù qīto pair up搭配dā pèi“also也yěnot不bù”；to seem若ruòfor为wèistill仍réngto hope希望xī wàngto reach (an agreement)达成dá chéng(modifier / structural particle)的deoutcome结果jié guǒ，(literary) (conjunction…则zéto expect预期yù qīto pair up搭配dā pèi“also也yěwant / will / need要yào”。

verb动词dòng cí + then / just就jiù + verb动词dòng cí

at / in在zài“then / just就jiù”around前后qián hòuvariant of 重复重复chóng fùidentical同一tóng yīverb动词dòng cí，to express / indicate表示biǎo shìto accept (a suggestion…接受jiē shòualready fixed既定jì dìngoutcome结果jié guǒvariant of 并并bìngto stop停止tíng zhǐto resist抗争kàng zhēng：to happen发生fā shēngnamely即jíalready已yǐ，no more不再bù zàito intertwine纠结jiū jié。

to appear形xíng

“then / just就jiù”two sides两侧liǎng cèto answer应yīngto use使用shǐ yòngidentical相同xiāng tóngverb动词dòng cí。“(completed / change)了le”used in 可汗可kěand / with与yǔshould该gāiverb动词dòng cívariant of 重复重复chóng fù，“(suggestion)吧ba”used in 可汗可kěto do作zuò句末jù mòmodal particle语气词yǔ qì cí。intonation语调yǔ diàoused in 可汗可kěfor为wèi(idiom) to treat sth as no…轻描淡写qīng miáo dàn xiě(modifier / structural particle)的de“let it be算了suàn le”，also也yěbut可是kě shìfirm坚决jiān jué(modifier / structural particle)的de“随你便suí nǐ biàn”。

例文lì wén

这件zhè jiànshirt衬衫chèn shānto shrink (in the wash)缩水suō shuǐ(completed / change)了lethen / just就jiùto shrink (in the wash)缩水suō shuǐ(completed / change)了le，anyway反正fǎn zhèngsummer夏天xià tiānalso也yěto wear穿chuān(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎoseveral times几次jǐ cì。

这件zhè jiànshirt衬衫chèn shānto shrink (in the wash)缩水suō shuǐ(completed / change)了lethen / just就jiùto shrink (in the wash)缩水suō shuǐ(completed / change)了le(suggestion)吧ba，anyway反正fǎn zhèngsummer夏天xià tiānalso也yěto wear穿chuān(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎoseveral times几次jǐ cì。

client客户kè hùto cancel取消qǔ xiāo(purchase) order订单dìng dānthen / just就jiùto cancel取消qǔ xiāo(suggestion)吧ba，we / us我们wǒ menalready at an earlier time早就zǎo jiùto feel / think觉得jué de这笔zhè bǐbusiness生意shēng yìnot不bùsettled稳wěn。

client客户kè hùto cancel取消qǔ xiāo(purchase) order订单dìng dānthen / just就jiùto cancel取消qǔ xiāo(suggestion)吧ba，we / us我们wǒ menalready at an earlier time早就zǎo jiùto feel / think觉得jué de这笔zhè bǐto deal交易jiāo yìnot不bùreliable稳当wěn dāng。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

this kind此类cǐ lèito express表达biǎo dáto lean偏piān口语化kǒu yǔ huà，to be applicable适用shì yòng(of time or place) in于yúday-to-day日常rì chángto talk (with sb)对话duì huàand / with和héunofficial非正式fēi zhèng shìto relate (a story or…叙述xù shù，but但dànat / in在zàiserious郑重zhèng zhòngto apologize道歉dào qiànmaybe或huò合同文本hé tóng wén běnto hit (the mark)中zhōng使用不当shǐ yòng bù dàng。“want / will / need要yào + verb动词dòng cí + then / just就jiù + verb动词dòng cí”to have具有jù yǒuto force强制qiáng zhìmeaning意味yì wèi，in common usage常用cháng yòng(of time or place) in于yúto supervise and urge…督促dū cùthe other person对方duì fāngthorough彻底chè dǐto implement执行zhí xíngsomething某事mǒu shì，for example例如lì rú：“want / will / need要yàoto change改gǎithen / just就jiù(把: marks the object)把bǎnumeral数字shù zìto check核对hé duìto finish完wán”。and / but而érsimple单纯dān chún(modifier / structural particle)的de“to retreat退tuìthen / just就jiùto retreat退tuì”barely仅jǐnto express / indicate表示biǎo shìto permit允许yǔn xǔto depart离开lí kāi，not to have无wúextra额外é wàito request要求yāo qiú。

movement动作dòng zuò，good好hǎo + purpose目的mù dì

この「good好hǎo」は「～するために」というmeaning意味yì wèiで、action行為xíng wèiとそのpurpose目的mù dìをknot結jiéびつけます。

to appear形xíng

action行為xíng wèi＋good好hǎo＋purpose目的mù dìのverb動詞dòng císentence句jù。purpose目的mù dìはaction行為xíng wèiのback後hòuにto install置zhìかれます。この「good好hǎo」はto describe形容xíng róngword詞cíの「good良liángい」ではありません。

例文lì wén

to ask请qǐng(把: marks the object)把bǎmeeting会议huì yì(raw) material材料cái liàoto shift to an earlier date提前tí qián发到fā dào群里qún lǐ，everyone大家dà jiāgood好hǎoat / in在zài会上huì shàngdirect (opposite: indirect…直接zhí jiēto discuss讨论tǎo lùn。

会議huì yìmaterial資料zī liàoをグループにin advance事前shì qián送付sòng fùし、会場huì chǎngでall皆jiēがdirect (opposite: indirect…直接zhí jiēto comment議論yì lùnできるようにしてください。

he / him他tā(把: marks the object)把bǎkey钥匙yào shi留在liú zàistage前台qián tái，good好hǎoto let / make让ràng晚到wǎn dào(modifier / structural particle)的decolleague同事tóng shìto go forward进jìnoffice办公室bàn gōng shì。

that彼bǐはkey (on a piano or computer…鍵jiànを受付shòu fùにto destroy残cánしておき、Japanese variant of 迟遅chíquarter (hour)刻kèしたcolleague同僚tóng liáoがオフィスにto enter入rùれるようにしました。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

この「good好hǎo」はoral口頭kǒu tóuでのto depend on依yīvariant of 赖頼làiやsame一般yì bān(modifier / structural particle)的deなarticle文章wén zhāngでよくto make使shǐわれます。「in order to为了wèi le」はpurpose目的mù dìをearly先xiānにto install置zhìくことがmany多duōいです。「so that以便yǐ biàn」はより文語wén yǔ(modifier / structural particle)的deな「～するために」です。「good好hǎo」のback後hòuにpurpose目的mù dìのverb動詞dòng cíがto come来láiたら、「～するために」とJapanese variant of 读読dúみます。

one side一面yí miàn……，one side一面yí miàn……

one side一面yí miàn……，one side一面yí miàn…… はtwo二èrつのaction行為xíng wèiをsee 胡同同tóngじ(concept of) time時間shí jiānJapanese variant of 带帯dàiにto deploy配置pèi zhìし、片方piàn fāngがto advance進行jìn xíngしているgap間jiānに他方tā fāngもOK / to walk行xíngわれることをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoします。

to appear形xíng

one side一面yí miàn＋verb動詞dòng císentence句jù，one side一面yí miàn＋verb動詞dòng císentence句jù。regular通常tōng cháng、Japanese variant of 两両liǎngsquare方fāngのsubject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔはsee 胡同同tóngじperson人rénです。

例文lì wén

manager经理jīng lǐone side一面yí miànvariant of 翻翻fān(business) contract合同hé tóng，one side一面yí miànto use / with用yòng(lead) pencil铅笔qiān bǐ标出biāo chūto have / there is有yǒuquestion问题wèn tí(modifier / structural particle)的declause (of contract or law)条款tiáo kuǎn。

マネージャーは契約書qì yuē shūをto confirm確認què rènしながら、question問題wèn tíのある条項tiáo xiàngを(lead) pencil鉛筆qiān bǐでbook書shūきvariant of 出 (classifier…出chūしていました。

volunteer志愿者zhì yuàn zhěone side一面yí miànto / for / give给gěitraveler游客yóu kèhair发fāmap地图dì tú，one side一面yí miànto remind提醒tí xǐngthey他们tā menmuseum博物馆bó wù guǎn四点sì diǎnto close a door关门guān mén。

ボランティアはJapanese variant of 观観guānlight光guāngcustomer客kèに(adverb -ly)地deJapanese variant of 图図túを手渡shǒu dùすa party (in a contract or…一方yī fāngで、natural science博物bó wùbuilding館guǎnが7th earthly branch: 11…午wǔback後hòu4o'clock時shíにto close閉bìまることをto remind提醒tí xǐngしていました。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

one side一面yí miàn はarticle文章wén zhāng、to relate (a story or…叙述xù shù、variant of 叮咛丁寧dīng níngな会話huì huà（ガイドやニュースのナレーターなど）にto make使shǐわれがちです。これはouter appearance形式xíng shì(modifier / structural particle)的deなverb動詞dòng cíのto restrict to限定xiàn dìngリストではありません。day-to-day日常rì cháng会話huì huàでは、one side一边yī biān……，one side一边yī biān…… がよりsame一般yì bān(modifier / structural particle)的deで、heavy / important重zhòngなりvariant of 合合héうmeaning意味yì wèiをto hold持chíちます。mutual互hùいにcontradiction矛盾máo dùnしないany任意rèn yìのtwo二èrつのaction行為xíng wèiをこのstructure構造gòu zàoにto enter入rùれることができます。

to practice練習liàn xí — Part 3

1. リードには5sun日rìwithin以内yǐ nèiにコメントがnecessary必要bì yàoです。どのlanguage文wénがこのtime limit期限qī xiànをto set設定shè dìngしていますか？ A. to ask请qǐngat / in在zài五天wǔ tiāninside内nèi(把: marks the object)把bǎidea意见yì jiànto issue发给fā gěiI / me我wǒ。 B. to ask请qǐngat / in在zài五天wǔ tiānfront前qián(把: marks the object)把bǎidea意见yì jiànto issue发给fā gěiI / me我wǒ。 C. to ask请qǐngat / in在zài五天wǔ tiānback后hòu(把: marks the object)把bǎidea意见yì jiànto issue发给fā gěiI / me我wǒ。

2. each各gèessential factor要素yào sùをfor a time一度yí dùずつto use使用shǐ yòngし、to invite applications for…招聘zhāo pìnoutcome結果jié guǒ をtheme主題zhǔ tíとして、1ヶmoon月yuèwithin以内yǐ nèiという制限zhì xiànのto hit (the mark)中zhōngでJapanese variant of 发発fāwatch (timepiece)表biǎoするlanguage文wénをto do作zuòってください: inside内nèi / to invite applications for…招聘zhāo pìn / to announce公布gōng bù / 一个月yí gè yuè / can / will会huì / outcome结果jié guǒ / at / in在zài

3. リンさんはtonight今夜jīn yèとてもJapanese variant of 迟遅chíくまでto destroy残cánります。not yet未wèito complete完成wán chéngのファイルはクライアントにto send送sòngらないでしょう。どのlanguage文wénがこれに合致hé zhìしますか？ A. she / her她tāpreferably宁可nìng kěto wait待dàito / arrive到dàodegree / adjective linker很hěnevening晚wǎn，also也yěnot不bù(把: marks the object)把bǎnot / haven't没méi改完gǎi wán(modifier / structural particle)的dedocument文件wén jiànto issue发给fā gěiclient客户kè hù。 B. she / her她tāpreferably宁可nìng kěto wait待dàito / arrive到dàodegree / adjective linker很hěnevening晚wǎn，also也yěwant / will / need要yào(把: marks the object)把bǎnot / haven't没méi改完gǎi wán(modifier / structural particle)的dedocument文件wén jiànto issue发给fā gěiclient客户kè hù。 C. she / her她tāpreferably宁可nìng kě(把: marks the object)把bǎnot / haven't没méi改完gǎi wán(modifier / structural particle)的dedocument文件wén jiànto issue发给fā gěiclient客户kè hù，also也yěnot不bùto wait待dàito / arrive到dàodegree / adjective linker很hěnevening晚wǎn。

4. each各gèブロックをfor a time一度yí dùずつto use使用shǐ yòngしてください。彼女bǐ nǚはmatter事shìJapanese variant of 实実shíをclear-cut明確míng quèに(bound form) to state述shùべることにobstinate固執gù zhíし、トラブルto shun回避huí bìのために冗談rǒng tánをwords言yánうことを拒否jù fǒuします: in order to为了wèi leperceptive省事shěng shìto play a joke开玩笑kāi wán xiào / preferably宁可nìng kě / also也yěnot不bù / (把: marks the object)把bǎfact事实shì shívariant of 说说shuōclear清楚qīng chǔ / I / me我wǒ

5. person人rén々がJapanese variant of 骚騒sāoがしいチャットからto go去qùっています。スピーカーはそれをミュートしており、that彼bǐらがto go去qùるかどうかは関心guān xīnありません。どのセリフはただshoulder肩jiānをすくめるだけですか？ A. to retreat退tuìthen / just就jiùto retreat退tuì，this这个zhè gegroup群qúnoriginal本来běn láithen / just就jiùtoo太tàito quarrel吵chǎo。 B. want / will / need要yàoto retreat退tuìthen / just就jiùto retreat退tuì(degree marker)得decandid干脆gān cuì，don't别biéagain / then再zàito return回来huí lái。 C. 退不退tuì bù tuìall / both都dōuto ask请qǐng留下来liú xià láito continue继续jì xùto discuss讨论tǎo lùn。

6. each各gèブロックをJapanese variant of 单単dānposition位wèiとしてfor a time一度yí dùずつto use使用shǐ yòngし、action行為xíng wèiのback後hòuに good好hǎo + purpose目的mù dì のto appear形xíngにしてください: good好hǎoto let / make让ràngthe back row后排hòu pái(modifier / structural particle)的deperson人rénto see clearly看清kàn qīng / screen (TV, computer or…屏幕píng mù(bound form) up上shàng(modifier / structural particle)的detitle标题biāo tí / to ask请qǐng(把: marks the object)把bǎcharacter size字号zì hào调大diào dàerhua variant of 一点一点儿yì diǎn ér

7. to use / with用yòng“one side一面yí miàn……，one side一面yí miàn……”to write写xiě一个yí gèsentence句子jù zi。一位yī wèitour guide导游dǎo yóuat / in在zàiidentical同一tóng yī时间段shí jiān duàninside内nèito make做zuò两件事liǎng jiàn shì：eastwards向东xiàng dōnggate门ménto walk走zǒuto go去qù，at the same time同时tóng shítowards向xiàngtraveler游客yóu kèto introduce (sb to sb)介绍jiè shàogarden花园huā yuán(modifier / structural particle)的dehistory历史lì shǐ。to keep保留bǎo liú“东门dōng mén”and / with和hé“garden花园huā yuán(modifier / structural particle)的dehistory历史lì shǐ”。

8. manuscript原稿yuán gǎoは48(concept of) time時間shí jiānwithin以内yǐ nèiにクライアントにto arrive at (place or time)届jièけるnecessary必要bì yàoがあります。night夜yèのコンサートをto appear見jiànto escape逃táoすことは許容xǔ róngできる(medical) compensation代償dài chángですが、manuscript原稿yuán gǎoの納品nà pǐnto be defeated失敗shī bàiは許容xǔ róngできません。school assignment作業zuò yèto hit (the mark)中zhōngに(coll.) color色sèをto confirm確認què rènしながらvariant of 说説shuōto state in writing (laws…明文míng wénもbook書shūいています。two二èrつのlanguage文wénをbook書shūいてください。first第一dì yīlanguage文wénでは preferably宁可nìng kě……，also也yěwant / will / need要yào…… と at / in在zài……inside内nèi をto make使shǐい、concert音乐会yīn yuè huì, draft草稿cǎo gǎo, クライアント をto keep保持bǎo chíしてください。second第二dì èrlanguage文wénでは one side一面yí miàn……，one side一面yí miàn…… をto make使shǐい、color颜色yán sè と to explain说明shuō míngcharacter文字wén zì をto keep保持bǎo chíしてください。

to solve (a problem)解答jiě dá — Part 3

1. A. at / in在zài五天wǔ tiāninside内nèi は「5sun日rìのperiod of time期間qī jiāninside内nèi」をmeaning意味yì wèiし、「5sun日rìがJapanese variant of 经経jīng(experienced action marker)過guòするfront前qián」というto request要求yāo qiúに合致hé zhìします。 at / in在zài五天wǔ tiānfront前qián は「5the other day日前rì qián」、つまり5sun日rìほどfront前qiánをfinger指zhǐします。 at / in在zài五天wǔ tiānback后hòu は「5sun日rìback後hòu」であり、コメントがtime limit期限qī xiànをto surpass超過chāo guòすることになります。 to ask请qǐngat / in在zài五天wǔ tiāninside内nèi(把: marks the object)把bǎ一件yī jiànto issue发给fā gěiI / me我wǒ。

2. example范例fàn lì：to invite applications for…招聘zhāo pìnoutcome结果jié guǒcan / will会huìat / in在zài一个月yí gè yuèinside内nèito announce公布gōng bù。same同样tóng yàngused in 可汗可kěto accept (a suggestion…接受jiē shòu，theme主题zhǔ tíand / with和héto restrict限制xiàn zhìcondition条件tiáo jiànconstant不变bù biàn：to invite applications for…招聘zhāo pìnoutcome结果jié guǒat / in在zài一个月yí gè yuè内会nèi huìto announce公布gōng bù。 Zhāo pìn jié guǒ huì zài yí gè yuè nèi gōng bù. Alternative: Zhāo pìn jié guǒ zài yí gè yuè nèi huì gōng bù.

3. A. Japanese variant of 迟遅chíくまでto destroy残cánることは彼女bǐ nǚがto receive受shòuけto enter入rùれる(medical) compensation代償dài chángであり、not yet未wèito complete完成wán chéngのファイルをto send送sòngることは彼女bǐ nǚがto resist拒jùvariant of 绝絶juéするaction行為xíng wèiであるため、このlanguage文wénには「also也yěnot不bù」がnecessary必要bì yàoである。Bではファイルをto send送sòngることがtarget目標mù biāoとされている。CはJapanese variant of 迟遅chíくまでto destroy残cánるよりもnot yet未wèito complete完成wán chéngのファイルをto send送sòngることをgood好hǎoむ。 Tā nìng kě dāi dào hěn wǎn, yě bù bǎ méi gǎi wán de wén jiàn fā gěi kè hù.

4. 「really真zhēnJapanese variant of 实実shíをclear-cut明確míng quèにto summon伝yúnえることをgood好hǎoむが、手間shǒu jiānの(bound form) to scrutinize省shěngくために冗談rǒng tánをwords言yánうことはしない」。彼女bǐ nǚがto receive受shòuけto enter入rùれるlean on one side側cèは「preferably宁可nìng kě」のback後hòuにJapanese variant of 续続xùき、to resist拒jùvariant of 绝絶juéするlean on one side側cèは「also也yěnot不bù」のback後hòuにJapanese variant of 续続xùく。「not不bù」はbú（two二èrsound声shēng）である。なぜなら「for为wèi」がthe four tones of Middle…四声sì shēngだからだ。 Wǒ nìng kě bǎ shì shí shuō qīng chu, yě bú wèi le shěng shì kāi wán xiào.

5. A. 「to retreat退tuìthen / just就jiùto retreat退tuì」は、チャットグループがすでにJapanese variant of 骚騒sāoがしすぎるため、退去tuì qùすることをto recognize認rènめている。Bは「want / will / need要yào……then / just就jiù……」をto use使用shǐ yòngし、退去tuì qùするperson人rénにすっきりとto go去qùってJapanese variant of 戾戻tìらないようurgent促cùしている。Cはperson人rén々にold variant of 留留liúまり、dialect話huàしJapanese variant of 续続xùけるようto seek求qiúめている。 Tuì jiù tuì, zhè ge qún běn lái jiù tài chǎo.

6. 「フォントサイズをyoung少shǎoしsee 大夫大dàきくしてください。back後hòuto arrange列lièのperson人rénがscene画面huà miànの見出jiàn chūし看清楚kàn qīng chǔできるようにするためです。」to request要求yāo qiúはoperation行動xíng dòngであり、「good好hǎoto let / make让ràng」はpurpose目的mù dìをto show示shìし、「screen (TV, computer or…屏幕píng mù(bound form) up上shàng(modifier / structural particle)的detitle标题biāo tí」はperson人rén々がto appear見jiànなければならないcontent内容nèi róngである。「to harmonize调diào」はtiáo（two二èrsound声shēng）、「to adjust調整diào zhěngする」というmeaning意味yì wèi。 Qǐng bǎ zì hào tiáo dà yì diǎnr, hǎo ràng hòu pái de rén kàn qīng píng mù shàng de biāo tí.

7. モデル：ガイドは東門dōng ménへold variant of 步歩bùきながら、Japanese variant of 观観guānlight光guāngcustomer客kèにflower garden庭園tíng yuánのold variant of 历歴lìhistory史shǐを紹介shào jièした。one / a一yīつのsubject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔがJapanese variant of 两両liǎngsquare方fāngのoperation行動xíng dòngをOK / to walk行xíngない、それぞれに「one side一面yí miàn」がto pay付fùいている。see 胡同同tóngじstructure構造gòu zào、see 胡同同tóngじ東門dōng mén、そしてflower garden庭園tíng yuánのold variant of 历歴lìhistory史shǐをto keep in the mouth含hánむhe / him他tāのlanguage文wénもstraight正zhèngacrobatic display (esp. on…解jiěとする。 Dǎo yóu yí miàn wǎng dōng mén zǒu, yí miàn gěi yóu kè jiè shào huā yuán de lì shǐ.

8. example范例fàn lì：she / her她tāpreferably宁可nìng kěto miss (train, opportunity…错过cuò guòevening晚上wǎn shàng(modifier / structural particle)的deconcert音乐会yīn yuè huì，also也yěwant / will / need要yàoat / in在zài四十八sì shí bāhour小时xiǎo shíinside内nèi(把: marks the object)把bǎdraft草稿cǎo gǎoto issue发给fā gěiclient客户kè hù。concert音乐会yīn yuè huìto be / is是shìprice代价dài jià，to transmit发送fā sòngdraft草稿cǎo gǎoto be / is是shìtarget目标mù biāo。一个yí gèclear清晰qīng xī(modifier / structural particle)的de“also也yěnot不bù”sentence pattern句式jù shì，if only只要zhǐ yàostill仍然réng ránto refuse拒绝jù juéto delay延迟yán chíto hand over交付jiāo fù，and且qiěto keep保留bǎo liú“concert音乐会yīn yuè huì”、“draft草稿cǎo gǎo”、“client客户kè hù”and及jí“at / in在zài……inside内nèi”，also也yěto regard as算suàncorrect正确zhèng què，for example例如lì rú：she / her她tāpreferably宁可nìng kěto renounce放弃fàng qìconcert音乐会yīn yuè huì，also也yěnot不bùto delay拖延tuō yánat / in在zài四十八sì shí bāhour小时xiǎo shí内要nèi yàoto issue发给fā gěiclient客户kè hù(modifier / structural particle)的dedraft草稿cǎo gǎo。second第二dì èrexample范例fàn lì：she / her她tāone side一面yí miànto check核对hé duìcolor颜色yán sè，one side一面yí miànto write写xiěto explain说明shuō míngcharacter文字wén zì。if only只要zhǐ yàomovement动作dòng zuòto keep保持bǎo chísynchronous同步tóng bùand且qiě两个liǎng gènoun名词míng cíequal均jūnto keep保留bǎo liú，other其他qí tāto check核对hé duìverb动词dòng cí亦可yì kě。 Tā nìng kě cuò guò wǎn shang de yīn yuè huì, yě yào zài sì shí bā xiǎo shí nèi bǎ co gǎo fā gěi kè hù. Alternative: Tā nìng kě fàng qì yīn yuè huì, yě bù tuō yán zài sì shí bā xiǎo shí nèi yào fā gěi kè hù de co gǎo. Tā yí miàn hé duì yán sè, yí miàn xiě shuō míng wén zì.

オフィスcold冷lěngJapanese variant of 藏蔵zāngwarehouse庫kùを3日連rì liánJapanese variant of 续続xùでto open (transitive or…開kāiけると、中身zhōng shēnがspeculation推測tuī cèできるほど familiar になる。life (one's time on earth)人生rén shēngはsometimes有时yǒu shíindeed确实què shíonly只zhǐto / for / give给gěiyou你nǐ两个liǎng gèto select选择xuǎn zé。China中国zhōng guóto tell to語yǔにはそのパターンをclear-cut明確míng quèにwatch (timepiece)表biǎoすto show表現biǎo xiànがある。

no不是bú shì……，exactly就是jiù shì…… "either … or …"

no不是bú shì A，exactly就是jiù shì B は、2つのうちどちらかがreally真zhēnであることをmeaning意味yì wèiする。これら2つだけが許容xǔ róngされる。English (language)英語yīng yǔではregular通常tōng cháng「either A or B」とwords言yánう。AおよびBにverb動詞dòng cí、to describe形容xíng róngword詞cí、またはnoun名詞míng cíをto deploy配置pèi zhìできる。

person人rén々は、see 胡同同tóngじことが2variant of 回回huíto reel silk from cocoons繰zǎoりto return (to)返fǎnされるため、young少shǎoし苛立kē lìちしたようなecho響xiǎngきにto hear聞wénこえることがあります。このようなto feel感gǎnJapanese variant of 觉覚juéをよくear耳ěrにすることになるでしょう。また、(railway) train列車liè chēのtime時刻shí kè2つやto support支zhīJapanese variant of 拂払fǎnいmethod方法fāng fǎ2つといったJapanese variant of 单単dānpure純chúnなmatter事shìJapanese variant of 实実shíを(bound form) to state述shùべるborder際jìにもto make使shǐえます。このパターンは会話huì huàでvery非常fēi chángにsame一般yì bān(modifier / structural particle)的deです。day-to-day日常rì chángのarticle文章wén zhāngでもquestion問題wèn tíありません。フォーマルなlanguage文wénでもJapanese variant of 单単dānpure純chúnなペアがto keep in the mouth含hánまれてto construct構gòuいません。2つのto choose選xuǎnJapanese variant of 择択zélimb肢zhīとは、あなたが名指míng zhǐしする2つの事柄shì bǐngそのものです。

if如果rú guǒ第三种dì sān zhǒngpossibility可能性kě néng xìngstill依然yī ránto exist存在cún zài，(literary) (conjunction…则zésentence句子jù zithan / compared to比bǐfact事实shì shí更强gèng qiáng，to speak说话shuō huà(after a verb or adjective)…者zhěsometimes有时yǒu shíindeed确实què shícan / will会huìto exaggerate夸大其词kuā dà qí cí。if如果rú guǒ第三种dì sān zhǒngpossibility可能性kě néng xìngalready已yǐnot不bùto exist存在cún zài，(literary) (conjunction…则zéshould该gāimode模式mó shìnamely即jífor为wèiaccurate精确jīng quèto mate or marry匹配pǐ pèi。

to appear形xíng

no不是bú shì + A，exactly就是jiù shì + B

exactly就是jiù shì のfront前qiánにコンマをto install置zhìきます。Japanese variant of 两両liǎnglean on one side側cèがsubject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔをto have altogether共有gòng yǒuするsituation場合chǎng hé、no不是bú shì のfront前qiánにsubject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔをfor a time一度yí dùだけto install置zhìきます。A と B がsee 胡同同tóngじkind種類zhǒng lèiのsentence句jùであるsituation場合chǎng hé、most最zuìもJapanese variant of 读読dúみやすいlanguage文wénになります。weekend週末zhōu mòやJapanese variant of 每毎měisun日rìなど、Japanese variant of 两両liǎnglean on one side側cèが(concept of) time時間shí jiānをto have altogether共有gòng yǒuするsituation場合chǎng hé、その(concept of) time時間shí jiānを no不是bú shì のfront前qiánにto install置zhìきます。

one kind of一种yī zhǒngsimple简单jiǎn dān(modifier / structural particle)的deto construct (sth abstract)构建gòu jiànway方式fāng shì：先说xiān shuōsubject (in grammar)主语zhǔ yǔ，to say again再说zài shuō“no不是bú shì”，to catch and hold on接着jiē zheto be / is是shìfirst第一dì yīoption选项xuǎn xiàng，then / after然后rán hòuto be / is是shì“exactly就是jiù shì”and / with和hésecond第二dì èroption选项xuǎn xiàng。should该gāimode模式mó shìat / in在zàisecond第二dì èroption选项xuǎn xiàngback后hòutermination结束jié shù。

例文lì wén

library图书馆tú shū guǎnweekend周末zhōu mòno不是bú shìto close a door关门guān mén，exactly就是jiù shì只开zhǐ kāihalf of the day半天bàn tiān。

Túshūguǎn zhōumò bú shì guānmén, jiù shì zhǐ kāi bàntiān. Japanese variant of 图図túteashop with performance by…書館shū guǎnはweekend週末zhōu mò、to close閉bìまっているか、半日bàn rìだけto open (transitive or…開kāiいているかのどちらかです。

office办公室bàn gōng shì(modifier / structural particle)的derefrigerator冰箱bīng xiāngli, ancient measure of…里lǐno不是bú shìyogurt酸奶suān nǎi，exactly就是jiù shìleftover food剩饭shèng fàn。

Bàngōngshì de bīngxiāng lǐ bú shì suānnǎi, jiù shì shèngfàn. (political, economic etc)…事務shì wù(nominalizer)所suǒのcold冷lěngJapanese variant of 藏蔵zāngwarehouse庫kùには、ヨーグルトかto destroy残cánりto arrange料理liào lǐかのどちらかがあります。

Japanese variant of 对対duìthan / compared to比bǐ

no不是bú shì A，rather而是ér shì B をto compare比較bǐ jiàoしてください。こちらは A をto exclude除外chú wàiして、to substitute代dàiわりに B をto install置zhìきます。really真zhēnJapanese variant of 实実shíなのは B だけです。English (language)英語yīng yǔでは「not A, but B」にequivalent to相当xiāng dāngします。

this这zhè两种liǎng zhǒngmode模式mó shìto hit (the mark)中zhōngto unfold before one's eyes展现zhǎn xiàn(modifier / structural particle)的deto be / is是shì同一个tóng yī gèearly morning早晨zǎo chén。

he / him他tāearly morning早上zǎo shàngno不是bú shìto drink tea喝茶hē chá，exactly就是jiù shì喝咖啡hē kā fēi。

Tā zǎoshang bú shì hē chá, jiù shì hē kāfēi. that彼bǐはmorning朝cháo、black tea紅茶hóng cháかコーヒーかのどちらかをto give (animals) water to…飲yǐnみます。

he / him他tāearly morning早上zǎo shàngno不是bú shìto drink tea喝茶hē chá，rather而是ér shì喝咖啡hē kā fēi。

Tā zǎoshang bú shì hē chá, ér shì hē kāfēi. that彼bǐはmorning朝cháo、black tea紅茶hóng cháをto give (animals) water to…飲yǐnみません。that彼bǐはコーヒーをto give (animals) water to…飲yǐnみます。

at or in the very same...当dāng两个liǎng gèoption选项xuǎn xiàngall / both都dōumaybe / possible可能kě néngfor为wèi真时zhēn shí，to select选择xuǎn zé“exactly就是jiù shì”。at or in the very same...当dāngAmistaken错误cuò wùand / but而érBonly then / not until才cáito be / is是shìfact事实shì shío'clock时shí，to select选择xuǎn zé“rather而是ér shì”。listener听者tīng zhěfrom从cóng第二个dì èr gèword词cíequivalent to 就可以即可jí kěto judge判断pàn duàn。

to practice練習liàn xí — パート 4

1. meaning意味yì wèiをto choose選xuǎnんでください。

colleague同事tóng shìnoon中午zhōng wǔno不是bú shìvariant of 吃吃chīsalad (loanword)沙拉shā lā，exactly就是jiù shìvariant of 吃吃chīsandwich (loanword)三明治sān míng zhì。

Tóngshì zhōngwǔ bú shì chī shālā, jiù shì chī sānmíngzhì.

A. サラダはto take取qǔりto diminish消xiāoされ、サンドイッチはdefinite確定què dìngしています。 B. that彼bǐはこの2つのうちどちらかをto feed (a person or animal)食shíべ、he / him他tāのto choose選xuǎnJapanese variant of 择択zélimb肢zhīはありません。 C. that彼bǐはどちらもto feed (a person or animal)食shíべません。

2. to owe欠qiànけている言葉yán yèをto choose選xuǎnんでください。

to inform报告bào gàostill / also还háinot / haven't没méito hand over交jiāo。cause原因yuán yīnonly have ...只有zhǐ yǒu两个liǎng gè：no不是bú shìcomputer电脑diàn nǎobad坏huài(completed / change)了le，______person人rénnot / haven't没méito write写xiěto finish完wán。

to inform报告bào gàostill / also还háinot / haven't没méito hand over交jiāo。cause原因yuán yīnonly have ...只有zhǐ yǒu两个liǎng gè：no不是bú shìcomputer电脑diàn nǎobad坏huài(completed / change)了le，______person人rénnot / haven't没méito write写xiěto finish完wán。

A. exactly就是jiù shì B. rather而是ér shì C. or / still还是hái shì

3. 文脈wén màiにvariant of 合合héうlanguage文wénをto choose選xuǎnんでください。

クラスメートが「そのファイルはyesterday昨日zuó rìto send送sòngられた」とwords言yánいました。あなたはそのpoint点diǎnをto make a correction訂正dìng zhèngしました。really真zhēnJapanese variant of 实実shíはtoday今日jīn rìmorning朝cháoです。

A. document文件wén jiànno不是bú shìyesterday昨天zuó tiānhair发fā(modifier / structural particle)的de，exactly就是jiù shì今天上午jīn tiān shàng wǔhair发fā(modifier / structural particle)的de。

このdocument文書wén shūはyesterday昨日zuó rìにto send送sòngられたものではなく、today今日jīn rìmorning午前wǔ qiánto hit (the mark)中zhōngにto send送sòngられたものです。

B. document文件wén jiànno不是bú shìyesterday昨天zuó tiānhair发fā(modifier / structural particle)的de，rather而是ér shì今天上午jīn tiān shàng wǔhair发fā(modifier / structural particle)的de。

このdocument文書wén shūはyesterday昨日zuó rìにto send送sòngられたものではなく、today今日jīn rìmorning午前wǔ qiánto hit (the mark)中zhōngにto send送sòngられたものです。

C. document文件wén jiànno不是bú shìyesterday昨天zuó tiānhair发fā(modifier / structural particle)的de，or / still还是hái shì今天上午jīn tiān shàng wǔhair发fā(modifier / structural particle)的de。

このdocument文書wén shūはyesterday昨日zuó rìにto send送sòngられたものでも、today今日jīn rìmorning午前wǔ qiánto hit (the mark)中zhōngにto send送sòngられたものでもない。

4. 語片yǔ piànをone / a一yīつのlanguage文wénにto form組zǔみto stand立lìてなさい。すべての語片yǔ piànをfor a time一度yí dùずつto use使用shǐ yòngすること。「evening晚上wǎn shàng」がJapanese variant of 两両liǎngsquare方fāngのto exercise活動huó dòngをto keep in the mouth含hánむようにする。two二èrつのto exercise活動huó dòngのsequence順序shùn xùはto enter入rùれto substitute for替tìえてもto construct構gòuわない。

to listen to听tīngmusic音乐yīn yuè / exactly就是jiù shì / evening晚上wǎn shàng / to draw画画huà huà / no不是bú shì / child孩子hái zi / ，

tīng yīnyuè / jiù shì / wǎnshang / huàhua / bú shì / háizi / ,

5. 「no不是bú shì……，exactly就是jiù shì……」をto use / with用yòngいてone / a一yīつのlanguage文wénをbook書shūきなさい。「meeting room会议室huì yì shì」をto keep in the mouth含hánめること。 occasionally 会議室huì yì shìはkey (on a piano or computer…鍵jiànがかかっているSometimes person人rén々がalready既jìにto make使shǐっている。これらだけがonly唯一wéi yīの状況zhuàng kuàngである。

6. 「no不是bú shì……，exactly就是jiù shì……」をto use / with用yòngいてone / a一yīつのto take note of注意zhù yìbook書shūき（to warn警告jǐng gào）をbook書shūきなさい。「corridor走廊zǒu láng(modifier / structural particle)的delamp灯dēng」「太亮tài liàng」「不亮bù liàng」をto keep in the mouth含hánめること。today今日jīn rìのquestion問題wèn tíはnot yet未wèiだnot clear不明bù míngである。このライトにはこれらのtwo二èrつのquestion問題wèn tíしかない。

to solve (a problem)解答jiě dá — Part 4

1. B. two二èrつのto feed (a person or animal)食shíべthing物wùはどちらもmaybe / possible可能kě néngであり、第三dì sānのランチはto exclude除外chú wàiされる。A は「rather而是ér shì」をto use / with用yòngいたto revise修正xiū zhèngとなる。C はtwo二èrつのto feed (a person or animal)食shíべthing物wùをどちらもto negate否定fǒu dìngする。

colleague同事tóng shìnoon中午zhōng wǔno不是bú shìvariant of 吃吃chīsalad (loanword)沙拉shā lā，exactly就是jiù shìvariant of 吃吃chīsandwich (loanword)三明治sān míng zhì。昼食zhòu shío'clock時shíにcolleague同僚tóng liáoはサラダをto feed (a person or animal)食shíべるか、サンドイッチをto feed (a person or animal)食shíべる。

2. A. to inform报告bào gàostill / also还háinot / haven't没méito hand over交jiāo。cause原因yuán yīnonly have ...只有zhǐ yǒu两个liǎng gè：no不是bú shìcomputer电脑diàn nǎobad坏huài(completed / change)了le，exactly就是jiù shìperson人rénnot / haven't没méito write写xiěto finish完wán。

to inform报告bào gàostill / also还háinot / haven't没méito hand over交jiāo。cause原因yuán yīnonly have ...只有zhǐ yǒu两个liǎng gè：no不是bú shìcomputer电脑diàn nǎobad坏huài(completed / change)了le，exactly就是jiù shìperson人rénnot / haven't没méito write写xiěto finish完wán。レポートはnot yet未wèito raise (an issue)提出tí chūである。cause原因yuán yīnはこのtwo二èrつのいずれかである：コンピュータがJapanese variant of 坏壊huàiれたか、またはperson人rénがbook書shūきend終zhōngえていない。

3. B. document文件wén jiànno不是bú shìyesterday昨天zuó tiānhair发fā(modifier / structural particle)的de，rather而是ér shì今天上午jīn tiān shàng wǔhair发fā(modifier / structural particle)的de。

document文件wén jiànno不是bú shìyesterday昨天zuó tiānhair发fā(modifier / structural particle)的de，rather而是ér shì今天上午jīn tiān shàng wǔhair发fā(modifier / structural particle)的de。yesterday昨日zuó rìのto send word送信sòng xìn(concept of) time時間shí jiānをto make a correction訂正dìng zhèngし、today今日jīn rìmorning午前wǔ qiánto hit (the mark)中zhōngをJapanese variant of 实実shíborder際jìのto send word送信sòng xìn(concept of) time時間shí jiānとしてto destroy残cánす。

4. child孩子hái zievening晚上wǎn shàngno不是bú shìto listen to听tīngmusic音乐yīn yuè，exactly就是jiù shìto draw画画huà huà。

child孩子hái zievening晚上wǎn shàngno不是bú shìto listen to听tīngmusic音乐yīn yuè，exactly就是jiù shìto draw画画huà huà。nighttime夜間yè jiānに子供zi gōngはsound音yīnJapanese variant of 乐楽lèをJapanese variant of 听聴tīngくか、Japanese variant of 绘絵huìをto depict描miáoく。

child孩子hái zievening晚上wǎn shàngno不是bú shìto draw画画huà huà，exactly就是jiù shìto listen to听tīngmusic音乐yīn yuè。

child孩子hái zievening晚上wǎn shàngno不是bú shìto draw画画huà huà，exactly就是jiù shìto listen to听tīngmusic音乐yīn yuè。nighttime夜間yè jiānに子供zi gōngはJapanese variant of 绘絵huìをto depict描miáoくか、sound音yīnJapanese variant of 乐楽lèをJapanese variant of 听聴tīngく。

evening晚上wǎn shàngchild孩子hái zino不是bú shìto listen to听tīngmusic音乐yīn yuè，exactly就是jiù shìto draw画画huà huà。

evening晚上wǎn shàngchild孩子hái zino不是bú shìto listen to听tīngmusic音乐yīn yuè，exactly就是jiù shìto draw画画huà huà。nighttime夜間yè jiānに子供zi gōngはsound音yīnJapanese variant of 乐楽lèをJapanese variant of 听聴tīngくか、Japanese variant of 绘絵huìをto depict描miáoく。

evening晚上wǎn shàngchild孩子hái zino不是bú shìto draw画画huà huà，exactly就是jiù shìto listen to听tīngmusic音乐yīn yuè。

evening晚上wǎn shàngchild孩子hái zino不是bú shìto draw画画huà huà，exactly就是jiù shìto listen to听tīngmusic音乐yīn yuè。nighttime夜間yè jiānに子供zi gōngはJapanese variant of 绘絵huìをto depict描miáoくか、sound音yīnJapanese variant of 乐楽lèをJapanese variant of 听聴tīngく。

これらどれでもstraight正zhèngacrobatic display (esp. on…解jiěである。「evening晚上wǎn shàng」が「no不是bú shì」のfront前qiánにto stand立lìつため、Japanese variant of 两両liǎngsquare方fāngのto exercise活動huó dòngをto keep in the mouth含hánむ。「，」は「exactly就是jiù shì」のfront前qiánにある。two二èrつのto exercise活動huó dòngのsequence順序shùn xùをto enter入rùれto substitute for替tìえてもto construct構gòuわない。

5. meeting room会议室huì yì shìno不是bú shìold variant of 锁锁suǒ(ongoing -ing)着zhe，exactly就是jiù shìsomeone有人yǒu rénat / in在zàito use / with用yòng。

meeting room会议室huì yì shìno不是bú shìold variant of 锁锁suǒ(ongoing -ing)着zhe，exactly就是jiù shìsomeone有人yǒu rénat / in在zàito use / with用yòng。会議室huì yì shìはkey (on a piano or computer…鍵jiànがかかっているか、あるいはwho誰shuíかがto make使shǐっている。

two二èrつのmatter事shìJapanese variant of 实実shíのsequence順序shùn xùをto enter入rùれto substitute for替tìえてもstraight正zhèngacrobatic display (esp. on…解jiěである。「meeting room会议室huì yì shìno不是bú shìold variant of 锁锁suǒ(completed / change)了le，exactly就是jiù shìsomeone有人yǒu rénat / in在zàito use / with用yòng。」会議室huì yì shìはkey (on a piano or computer…鍵jiànがかかっているか、あるいはwho誰shuíかがto make使shǐっている。similar類似lèi shìしたto show表現biǎo xiàn（example例lì：「old variant of 锁锁suǒ(completed / change)了le」）でもto construct構gòuわない。「meeting room会议室huì yì shì」とtwo二èrつのmatter事shìJapanese variant of 实実shíをto keep維持wéi chíすること。

6. corridor走廊zǒu láng(modifier / structural particle)的delamp灯dēngno不是bú shì太亮tài liàng，exactly就是jiù shì不亮bù liàng。

corridor走廊zǒu láng(modifier / structural particle)的delamp灯dēngno不是bú shì太亮tài liàng，exactly就是jiù shì不亮bù liàng。corridor廊lángdown下xiàのlighting照明zhào míngはbright明míngるすぎるか、to light a lamp点灯diǎn dēngしていない。

「not不bù」は「no不是bú shì」と「不亮bù liàng」のfourth tone in Mandarin第四声dì sì shēngのfront前qiánでは「bú」になる。「complete完全wán quán」をto add something extra追加zhuī jiāしてもto construct構gòuわない：「corridor走廊zǒu láng(modifier / structural particle)的delamp灯dēngno不是bú shì太亮tài liàng，exactly就是jiù shìcomplete完全wán quán不亮bù liàng。」corridor廊lángdown下xiàのlighting照明zhào míngはbright明míngるすぎるか、complete完全wán quánにto light a lamp点灯diǎn dēngしていない。two二èrつのquestion問題wèn tíのsequence順序shùn xùをto enter入rùれto substitute for替tìえてもto construct構gòuわない：「corridor走廊zǒu láng(modifier / structural particle)的delamp灯dēngno不是bú shì不亮bù liàng，exactly就是jiù shì太亮tài liàng。」corridor廊lángdown下xiàのlighting照明zhào míngはto light a lamp点灯diǎn dēngしていないか、bright明míngるすぎる。「corridor走廊zǒu láng(modifier / structural particle)的delamp灯dēng」「太亮tài liàng」「不亮bù liàng」をto keep維持wéi chíすること。「rather而是ér shì」は、どちらの状態zhuàng tàiがmistake誤wùりかを既知jì zhīのsituation場合chǎng héにto make使shǐう。