Living standards · 生活水平
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| GDP per head/ˌdʒiː diː ˈpiː pɜː hed/ | 人均GDP | rén jūn GDP |
| GDP/ˌdʒiː diː ˈpiː/ | 国内生产总值 | guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí |
| living standards/ˈlɪvɪŋ ˈstændədz/ | 生活水平 | shēng huó shuǐ píng |
| Human Development Index/ˈhjuːmən dɪˈveləpmənt ˈɪndeks/ | 人类发展指数 | rén lèi fā zhǎn zhǐ shù |
| life expectancy/laɪf ekˈspektənsi/ | 预期寿命 | yù qī shòu mìng |
| inequality/ɪniːˈkwɒlɪti/ | 不平等 | bù píng děng |
| informal economy/ɪnˈfɔːml ɪˈkɒnəmi/ | 非正规经济 | fēi zhèng guī jīng jì |
How well-off is a country?
- We sense that some countries are richer than others — but how do you actually measure it?
- Economists use a country's output per person as the starting point.
一个国家有多富裕?
- 我们感觉一些国家比其他国家更富裕——但你实际上如何衡量它?
- 经济学家用一个国家的人均产出作为起点。
Economics case lab · 经济学案例实验室
Classify real examples by the economic idea they show. · 根据所展示的经济学概念对真实案例进行分类。
GDP per head is calculated as: · 人均GDP的计算公式为：
GDP per head = total output ÷ population. · 人均GDP = 总产出 ÷ 人口。
GDP per head is also called GDP per ______. · 人均GDP也被称为人均GDP ______。
Per capita means per person. · Per capita 意为每人。
GDP per head 人均GDP
- GDP 国内生产总值 = the total value of goods and services a country produces in a year.
- GDP per head (per capita) = GDP ÷ population — a rough measure of average income and living standards 生活水平.
Absolute poverty: in informal settlements many people lack basic needs such as safe housing, clean water and sanitation
人均 GDP
- GDP = 一个国家一年生产的商品和服务的总价值。
- 人均 GDP(GDP per head / per capita)= GDP ÷ 人口——平均收入和生活水平的一个粗略衡量。
绝对贫困:在非正式定居点许多人缺乏像安全住房、清洁水和卫生设施这样的基本需要
Which does the HDI include? (Select all that apply.) · 人类发展指数（HDI）包含哪些内容？（多选）
The HDI combines income, education and health. · HDI综合了收入、教育和健康指标。
The HDI gives a fuller picture of living standards than income alone. · 与仅看收入相比，HDI提供了更全面的生活水平图景。
It adds health and education to income. · 它在收入基础上增加了健康和教育指标。
A wider picture: the HDI
- Income alone misses a lot. The Human Development Index 人类发展指数 (HDI) combines three things:
- income (GNI per head), education (years of schooling), and health (life expectancy 预期寿命).
Worked example. Two countries have the same GDP per head, but one has far better schools and longer life expectancy. The HDI ranks that one higher — capturing what income alone misses.
Living standards depend on income, health and education
一个更宽的图景:HDI
- 单单收入错过很多。人类发展指数(Human Development Index,HDI)结合三样东西:
- 收入(人均 GNI)、教育(受教育的年数),和健康(预期寿命)。
例题。 两个国家有相同的人均 GDP,但一个有好得多的学校和更长的预期寿命。HDI 把那个排得更高——捕捉单单收入错过的东西。
A weakness of GDP per head as a welfare measure is that it: · 作为福利衡量指标，人均GDP的一个弱点是：
An average can hide large differences between rich and poor. · 平均值可能掩盖贫富之间的巨大差异。
Why the measures fall short
- GDP per head is an average — it hides inequality 不平等.
- It ignores unpaid work, the environment, leisure, and the informal economy 非正规经济.
A higher average doesn't mean everyone is better off. GDP per head can rise while most people see nothing if the gains go to a small group. Always ask how income is distributed.
为什么这些衡量不足
- 人均 GDP 是一个平均值——它隐藏不平等。
- 它忽略无偿工作、环境、闲暇,和非正式(informal)经济。
一个更高的平均值不意味着每个人都更好。 如果收益归于一个小群体,人均 GDP 能上升而大多数人什么都看不到。总是问收入如何分配。
You've got it
- GDP per head = output ÷ population — a basic living-standards measure
- the HDI adds education and health to income for a fuller picture
- averages hide inequality and miss unpaid work and the environment
你掌握了
- 人均 GDP = 产出 ÷ 人口——一个基本的生活水平衡量
- HDI 把教育和健康加到收入上,得到一个更全面的图景
- 平均值隐藏不平等并错过无偿工作和环境