Government macroeconomic intervention · 政府宏观经济干预
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| macroeconomic aims/ˌmækrəˌriːkəˈnɒmɪk eɪmz/ | 宏观经济目标 | hóng guān jīng jì mù biāo |
| economic growth/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ɡrəʊθ/ | 经济增长 | jīng jì zēng zhǎng |
| unemployment/ʌnemˈplɔɪmənt/ | 失业 | shī yè |
| inflation/ɪnˈfleɪʃn/ | 通货膨胀 | tōng huò péng zhàng |
| balance of payments/ˈbæləns ɒv ˈpeɪmənts/ | 国际收支 | guó jì shōu zhī |
| income distribution/ˈɪŋkʌm ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn/ | 收入分配 | shōu rù fēn pèi |
| fiscal policy/ˈfɪskl ˈpɒlɪsi/ | 财政政策 | cái zhèng zhèng cè |
| monetary policy/ˈmʌnɪtəri ˈpɒlɪsi/ | 货币政策 | huò bì zhèng cè |
| supply-side policy/səˈplaɪ saɪd ˈpɒlɪsi/ | 供给侧政策 | gōng jǐ cè zhèng cè |
What governments are trying to do
- Every government wants a healthy economy — but "healthy" means several things at once, and they can pull against each other.
- These goals are its macroeconomic aims 宏观经济目标.
政府试图做什么
- 每个政府都想要一个健康的经济——但"健康"同时意味着几样东西,而它们能彼此对抗。
- 这些目标是它的宏观经济目标(macroeconomic aims)。
Which are macroeconomic aims of government? (Select all that apply.) · 哪些是政府的宏观经济目标?(选择所有适用的。)
Government aims for the whole economy, not one firm. · 政府为整个经济而非一个企业设定目标。
Keeping inflation low and steady is the aim of stable ______. · 保持通货膨胀低而稳定是稳定______的目标。
Price stability means low, predictable inflation. · 价格稳定意味着低的、可预测的通货膨胀。
The main aims
- Economic growth 经济增长 — rising output and incomes.
- Low unemployment 失业 — most people who want jobs have them.
- Stable prices — low, steady inflation 通货膨胀.
- Balance of payments 国际收支 stability and fairer income distribution 收入分配.
The three sets of government macro policy tools: fiscal (spending and taxes), monetary (interest rate and money supply), and supply-side (capacity and productivity)
主要目标
- 经济增长(economic growth)——上升的产出和收入。
- 低失业(low unemployment)——大多数想要工作的人有工作。
- 稳定的价格(stable prices)——低的、稳定的通货膨胀。
- 国际收支(balance of payments)稳定和更公平的收入分配(income distribution)。
政府宏观政策工具的三套:财政(支出和税收)、货币(利率和货币供应),和供给侧(产能和生产率)
Managing aggregate demand · 管理总需求
Government policy moves aggregate demand against aggregate supply to steer output and the price level. · 政府政策使总需求对照总供给移动,以引导产出和价格水平。
Which pair of aims can conflict? · 哪一对目标能冲突?
Fast growth can stoke inflation, so the two aims can conflict. · 快速增长能助长通货膨胀,所以这两个目标能冲突。
Raising interest rates to fight inflation can increase unemployment. · 提高利率以对抗通货膨胀能增加失业。
Cooling demand reduces inflation but can cost jobs — a trade-off. · 给需求降温减少通货膨胀但能损失工作——一个权衡。
Aims can conflict
- Pushing growth and jobs can stoke inflation.
- Cutting inflation with high interest rates can raise unemployment.
- Governments must constantly trade off one aim against another.
Worked example. To fight rising inflation, a central bank raises interest rates. Borrowing falls, demand cools, prices steady — but firms invest less and unemployment may rise. One aim improves, another worsens.
目标能冲突
- 推动增长和工作能助长通货膨胀。
- 用高利率削减通货膨胀能提高失业。
- 政府必须不断地权衡一个目标对另一个。
例题。 为了对抗上升的通货膨胀,一个中央银行提高利率。借贷下降,需求降温,价格稳定——但企业投资更少,失业可能上升。一个目标改善,另一个恶化。
Match each policy to its main tool. · 把每个政策匹配到它的主要工具。
Fiscal = budget; monetary = rates; supply-side = capacity. · 财政 = 预算;货币 = 利率;供给侧 = 产能。
The policy toolkit
- Fiscal policy 财政政策: government spending and taxation.
- Monetary policy 货币政策: interest rates and the money supply.
- Supply-side policy 供给侧政策: measures to raise productivity and capacity.
政策工具箱
- 财政政策(fiscal policy):政府支出和税收。
- 货币政策(monetary policy):利率和货币供应。
- 供给侧政策(supply-side policy):提高生产率和产能的措施。
You've got it
- macro aims: growth, low unemployment, stable prices, balance of payments, fair distribution
- the aims often conflict — growth vs inflation, inflation vs jobs
- three policy types: fiscal, monetary, supply-side
你掌握了
- 宏观目标:增长、低失业、稳定的价格、国际收支、公平分配
- 这些目标常常冲突——增长对通货膨胀,通货膨胀对工作
- 三种政策类型:财政、货币、供给侧