Introductory economics for business · 商业经济学入门
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| scarcity/ˈskeəsɪti/ | 稀缺性 | xī quē xìng |
| opportunity cost/ɒpəˈtjuːnɪti kɒst/ | 机会成本 | jī huì chéng běn |
| market/ˈmɑːkɪt/ | 市场 | shì chǎng |
| demand/dɪˈmænd/ | 需求 | xū qiú |
| supply/səˈplaɪ/ | 供给 | gōng jǐ |
| equilibrium price/ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbrɪəm praɪs/ | 均衡价格 | jūn héng jià gé |
Every choice has a cost
- Scarcity 稀缺性 means resources are limited but people's wants are not.
- A business cannot buy every machine, hire every worker, or run every advert. It must choose.
- The opportunity cost 机会成本 is the next best option given up when that choice is made.
Opportunity cost is the option you did not choose, quietly waving from the other queue.
每个选择都有代价
- scarcity(稀缺性)指资源有限,而人的需要并不有限。
- 企业不能买下所有机器、雇用所有员工或投放所有广告,因此必须作出选择。
- opportunity cost(机会成本)是作出选择时放弃的次优选择。
机会成本是你没选的那个方案，正在另一条队里悄悄挥手。
A bakery buys a delivery bicycle instead of a second oven. What is the opportunity cost? · 一家面包店购买送货自行车,而不是第二台烤箱。机会成本是什么?
Opportunity cost is the next best alternative, not every cost or the money paid. · 机会成本是次优选择,不是所有成本或已付的钱。
Price is a signal
- In a market 市场, price links buyers and sellers.
- Demand 需求 is how much consumers are willing and able to buy at each price. A lower price usually leads to more demand.
- Supply 供给 is how much firms are willing and able to sell at each price. A higher price usually makes supply more attractive.
- These are tendencies, not promises. A firm still needs evidence about its own customers.
价格是一种信号
- 在market(市场)中,价格把买方和卖方联系起来。
- demand(需求)是在每一个价格下,消费者愿意并且有能力购买的数量。价格降低通常会带来更多需求。
- supply(供给)是在每一个价格下,企业愿意并且有能力出售的数量。价格升高通常会让供给更有吸引力。
- 这些是趋势,不是保证。企业仍须了解自己的顾客。
Demand means that consumers are both willing and able to buy at a stated price. · 需求指消费者愿意并且有能力按给定价格购买。
Wanting an item without being able to pay for it is not demand in this model. · 想要一件商品却无力支付,在这个模型中不算需求。
Match each change to its usual market effect. · 把每项变化与通常的市场影响配对。
The model describes a tendency. A real firm still checks its own evidence. · 这个模型描述的是趋势。真实企业仍要检查自己的证据。
The point where plans meet
- An equilibrium price 均衡价格 is the price at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.
- Above it, a seller may have unsold stock. Below it, customers may want more than the firm can provide.
- A shortage is not automatically good news: it can mean disappointed customers and lost future sales.
计划相遇的地方
- equilibrium price(均衡价格)是需求量与供给量相等时的价格。
- 高于它,卖方可能有卖不掉的库存;低于它,顾客想买的可能超过企业能提供的数量。
- 短缺不一定是好消息:它可能意味着顾客失望,并失去日后的销售。
At which price is a market at equilibrium? · 市场在什么价格处达到均衡?
Equilibrium is the match between the quantity buyers want and the quantity sellers offer. · 均衡是买方想买的数量与卖方提供的数量相匹配。
A campus café has 80 sandwiches for lunch. At $3, students want 120. At$5, they want 50. At $4, about 80 want one.
The $4 price is useful because it matches today's supply. Choosing$3 may create a queue, but the opportunity cost is the sales the café cannot make once the sandwiches are gone.
**校园咖啡馆午餐时有 80 个三明治。**价格为 3 美元时,学生想买 120 个;价格为 5 美元时,想买 50 个;价格为 4 美元时,约有 80 人想买。
4 美元有用,因为它与当天的供给相配。选择 3 美元可能会出现排队,但机会成本是三明治卖完后咖啡馆无法完成的销售。
In one English sentence, state why a price of $4 suits the campus café in the worked case. · 用一句英语说明:为什么示例中 4 美元适合校园咖啡馆?
The useful link is quantity demanded = quantity supplied, not simply “students like it”. · 关键联系是需求量等于供给量,而不只是“学生喜欢它”。
Name the choice and the next best alternative. “The opportunity cost is money” is too vague. “Buying a second oven means giving up a delivery bicycle” is an economic explanation.
说出选择以及放弃的次优选择。“机会成本是钱”太模糊。“买第二台烤箱意味着放弃买一辆送货自行车”才是经济学解释。
Do not say demand means “how much people like something”. They must be able and willing to buy it at a stated price. A thousand likes do not pay a supplier.
不要把需求说成“有多少人喜欢某样东西”。他们必须愿意并且有能力按给定价格购买。一千个点赞不能付给供应商。