Mass Atrocities After 1900 · 1900年后的种族灭绝
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| The rise of extremist groups in power led to the attempted destruction of specific populations, notably the Nazi killing of the Jews in the Holocaust | 大屠杀 | dà tú shā |
| during World War II, and to other atrocities, acts of genocide | 种族灭绝 | zhǒng zú miè jué |
What the CED states
- The rise of extremist groups in power led to the attempted destruction of specific populations, notably the Nazi killing of the Jews in the Holocaust 大屠杀 during World War II, and to other atrocities, acts of genocide 种族灭绝, or ethnic violence.
- The CED's causal claim is precise: extremist groups in power — the combination of an ideology and a state.
- This subtopic is treated soberly and factually; the historical record is what the exam asks you to know.
CED 所陈述的内容
- 犹太人大屠杀(Holocaust)为最,并导致了其他暴行、种族灭绝(genocide)行为或族裔暴力。
- CED 的因果主张很精确:上台的极端主义团体——一种意识形态与一个国家的结合。
- 本小节以严肃与事实的态度处理;历史记录正是考试要求你掌握的内容。
The CED's causal phrase is... · CED的因果短语是……
An ideology becomes an atrocity when it acquires a state. · 当意识形态获得国家权力时，它就变成了种族灭绝。
The CED's named cases
- Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during and after World War I.
- Cambodia during the late 1970s. Tutsi in Rwanda in the 1990s.
- Ukraine in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s.
CED 点名的案例
- 第一次世界大战期间及其后奥斯曼帝国境内的亚美尼亚人。
- 1970 年代后期的柬埔寨。 1990 年代卢旺达的图西人。
- 1920 与 1930 年代苏联境内的乌克兰。
Select all · 所有 the cases the CED names. · 选择CED提到的所有案例。
Ukraine in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s completes the CED's list. · 1920年代和1930年代的苏联乌克兰完成了CED的列表。
What the cases share
- In each, state power was used against a population defined by identity rather than by any act.
- In each, an existing prejudice was made into policy by a group that had captured a state.
- So the CED's phrase extremist groups in power names the mechanism, and the cases are its instances.
这些案例的共同之处
- 在每一个案例中,国家权力都被用来对付一个依身份、而非依任何行为界定的人群。
- 在每一个案例中,一种既有的偏见都被一个已经掌控国家的团体变成了政策。
- 因此 CED 的措辞上台的极端主义团体点出了机制,而这些案例是它的实例。
Cause, mechanism, or consequence? · 原因、机制，还是后果？
Sort each element of the CED's account. · 对CED叙述中的每个要素进行分类。
In each case, state power was used against a population defined by ____ rather than by any act. · 在每个案例中，国家权力是针对基于____定义的人口使用的，而非基于任何行为。
That is what distinguishes these from ordinary wartime violence. · 这正是它们与普通战争暴行区别所在。
The CED's causal phrase is extremist groups in power, not extremism alone. An ideology becomes an atrocity when it acquires a state — its bureaucracy, its records, its transport and its police. Naming the state capture is what makes an answer explanatory rather than descriptive.
**CED 的因果措辞是上台的极端主义团体,而不是单纯的极端主义。**一种意识形态是在获得一个国家——它的官僚机构、档案、运输与警察——之后才变成暴行的。点出国家被掌控这一点,正是让答案具有解释力而非仅止于描述的原因。
Select all · 所有 the consequences this lesson names. · 选择本课提到的所有后果。
Memory politics in the societies involved completes the list. · 相关社会中的记忆政治完成了该列表。
Causes and consequences
- The objective asks for the various causes and consequences of mass atrocities in the period from 1900 to the present.
- Causes: extremist ideology, state capture, wartime conditions, and the industrial and bureaucratic capacity described in units 5 and 7.
- Consequences: demographic destruction, refugee movements, postwar legal instruments, and the memory politics of the societies involved.
成因与后果
- 这一目标要求说明1900 年至今大规模暴行的各种成因与后果。
- 成因:极端主义意识形态、国家被掌控、战时条件,以及第五与第七单元所描述的工业与官僚能力。
- 后果:人口的毁灭、难民流动、战后的法律工具,以及相关社会的记忆政治。
The objective asks you to rank these atrocities against each other. · 目标要求你对这些种族灭绝进行相互排名。
It asks for causes and consequences; accuracy is what the rubric rewards. · 它要求列出原因和后果；评分标准奖励准确性。
Writing about this carefully
- Use precise language: name the state, the group targeted, the period, and the mechanism.
- Avoid comparison as ranking — the objective asks for causes and consequences, not for which was worst.
- Accuracy is the respect this material requires, and it is also what the rubric rewards.
谨慎地书写这一主题
- 使用精确的语言:说出国家、被针对的群体、时期,以及机制。
- 避免把比较变成排名——这一目标要求的是成因与后果,而不是哪一次最严重。
- 准确是这一材料所要求的尊重,而这也正是评分标准所奖励的。
Each of the CED's cases involves a state apparatus applied to a population defined by identity: lists, transport, camps or militias organised through official channels. That is why in power is in the sentence — prejudice without state capacity produces violence, and prejudice with it produces the scale the twentieth century recorded.
CED 所列的每一个案例,都涉及一套国家机器被用于一个依身份界定的人群:名册、运输、营地或经由官方渠道组织起来的民兵。这正是那句话里有"上台"二字的原因——没有国家能力的偏见产生暴力,而有了国家能力的偏见,则产生二十世纪所记录下的那种规模。
The rise of extremist groups in power led to the attempted destruction of specific populations, notably the Nazi killing of the Jews in the Holocaust, and to other atrocities, acts of genocide or ethnic violence. The CED's cases: Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, Cambodia in the late 1970s, Tutsi in Rwanda in the 1990s, and Ukraine in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s.
**极端主义团体上台,导致了对特定人群的毁灭企图,尤以纳粹对犹太人的大屠杀为最,并导致其他暴行、种族灭绝行为或族裔暴力。**CED 所列案例:奥斯曼帝国境内的亚美尼亚人、1970 年代后期的柬埔寨、1990 年代卢旺达的图西人,以及 1920 与 1930 年代苏联境内的乌克兰。