Empires Give Way · 帝国更迭
A century that begins and ends differently
- The West dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states by the century's end.
- That single sentence is the frame for units 7 and 8 together.
- The unit's job is to explain the transition between those two states of the world.
一个开头与结尾不同的世纪
- 二十世纪初,西方主导着全球政治秩序,但到世纪末,陆上帝国与海上帝国都让位于新的国家。
- 这一句话就是第七与第八单元共同的框架。
- 本单元的任务,是解释世界这两种状态之间的过渡。
Select all · 所有 the land-based empires the CED says collapsed. · 选择CED指出的所有崩溃的陆上帝国。
Britain is a maritime empire, and it gives way later, in unit 8. · 英国是海上帝国，其更迭较晚，出现在第8单元。
Three land empires collapsed
- The older, land-based Ottoman, Russian and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors.
- A combination is the CED's own qualifier — no single cause explains any of the three.
- These changes in Russia eventually led to communist revolution.
三个陆上帝国倾覆
- 较为古老的陆上帝国——奥斯曼、俄国与清——因内部与外部因素的结合而倾覆。
- "结合"是 CED 自己的限定语——没有任何单一原因能解释这三者中的任何一个。
- 俄国的这些变化最终导致了共产主义革命。
The CED explains the collapses with... · CED用……来解释这些帝国的崩溃：
No single cause explains any of the three. · 没有单一原因能解释其中任何一个。
Internal and external, in every case
- Internal: fiscal strain, contested reform, regional and national movements inside the empire.
- External: military defeat, foreign loans and concessions, and rivals with industrial economies.
- Unit 5 and unit 6 supplied both halves — the reform struggles of 5.8 and the economic imperialism of 6.5.
每个案例都有内部与外部
- 内部:财政紧张、有争议的改革、帝国内部的地区与民族运动。
- 外部:军事失败、外国贷款与特许权,以及拥有工业经济的对手。
- 第五与第六单元已经提供了两半——5.8 的改革之争,与 6.5 的经济帝国主义。
Internal factor, external factor, or the frame? · 内部因素、外部因素，还是框架？
Sort each item in the collapse of the old order. · 对旧秩序瓦解中的每一项进行排序。
The CED says changes in ____ eventually led to communist revolution. · CED指出____的变化最终导致了共产主义革命。
The collapse and the revolution are written as one sequence. · 崩溃和革命被写成同一个序列。
No single cause explains any of the three collapses. The CED writes a combination of internal and external factors for the Ottoman, Russian and Qing empires together — so an answer resting on one war, or one reform failure, has replaced the CED's own qualifier with a simpler story.
**没有任何单一原因能解释这三次倾覆中的任何一次。**CED 对奥斯曼、俄国与清帝国一并写下"内部与外部因素的结合"——因此建立在一场战争、或一次改革失败之上的答案,把 CED 自己的限定语换成了一个更简单的故事。
The Mexican Revolution is included as an example of states challenging the existing order. · 墨西哥革命被列为挑战现有秩序的国家案例。
The CED's example is deliberately outside Europe and outside the collapsing empires. · CED的例子特意选在欧洲之外且不在崩溃帝国之列。
Challenges from many directions
- States around the world challenged the existing political and social order, including the Mexican Revolution that arose as a result of political crisis.
- The CED's example is deliberately outside Europe and outside the collapsing empires.
- So the challenge to the old order was not one movement but many, with different causes in different places.
来自多个方向的挑战
- 世界各地的国家都在挑战既有的政治与社会秩序,其中包括因政治危机而兴起的墨西哥革命。
- CED 的例子有意选在欧洲之外、也在那些倾覆中的帝国之外。
- 因此对旧秩序的挑战不是一场运动,而是许多场,在不同地方有不同的原因。
Match each factor to its type. · 将每个因素与其类型匹配。
Neither half would have been fatal alone. · 单独一半都不足以致命。
Internal and external factors, again
- The objective is how internal and external factors contributed to change in various states after 1900 — the same pair used in 6.3.
- A good answer names one of each for a single state, and says how they interacted.
- Fiscal strain plus a lost war is a stronger explanation than either alone, which is what a combination means.
再一次:内部与外部因素
- 这一目标是内部与外部因素如何促成 1900 年后各国的变化——与 6.3 中用的是同一对概念。
- 好的答案会为某一个国家各点出一项,并说出它们如何相互作用。
- 财政紧张加上一场败仗,是比其中任何一项单独都更强的解释,而这正是"结合"的含义。
An empire borrows abroad to modernise, loses a war, and finds its creditors setting terms it cannot refuse while reformers and traditionalists inside fight over what to do next. Neither the loan nor the defeat nor the internal quarrel would have been fatal alone — and that is precisely why the CED says combination.
一个帝国为现代化而向外举债、输掉一场战争,继而发现债权人正在开出它无法拒绝的条件,而内部的改革派与守旧派仍在为下一步争执不下。贷款、战败、内部争执,单独任何一项都不致命——而这正是 CED 说"结合"的原因。
The West dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states by its end. The Ottoman, Russian and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors, and changes in Russia eventually led to communist revolution. States around the world challenged the existing order, including the Mexican Revolution.
二十世纪初西方主导着全球政治秩序,但到世纪末,陆上与海上帝国都让位于新的国家。 奥斯曼、俄国与清帝国因内部与外部因素的结合而倾覆,而俄国的变化最终导致了共产主义革命。世界各地的国家都在挑战既有秩序,包括墨西哥革命。