Why People Moved · 人们为何迁移
Demographic pressure at both ends
- Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demographics in both industrialised and unindustrialised societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living.
- The CED puts both kinds of society in the same clause — pressure existed at the sending end and the receiving end.
- Challenges to existing patterns of living is the mechanism: when a place can no longer support the way people lived there, some of them leave.
两端的人口压力
- 在许多情况下,迁移受到工业化与非工业化社会中人口变化的影响,这些变化对既有的生活方式构成挑战。
- CED 把两类社会放进同一个分句——送出端与接收端都存在压力。
- "对既有生活方式的挑战"就是机制:当一个地方再也无法支撑人们原本的生活方式时,其中一些人就会离开。
The CED says demographic change drove migration in... · CED 说人口变化在……驱动了迁移
Pressure existed at the sending end and the receiving end. · 送出端与接收端都存在压力。
Transport changed the destination
- Because of the nature of new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities.
- This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanisation of the 19th century.
- So 5.5's railways and steamships are a cause here — they made a city reachable from a countryside that had never been connected to one.
交通改变了目的地
- 由于新交通方式的性质,内部与外部移民都日益迁往城市。
- 这一格局促成了十九世纪显著的全球城市化。
- 因此 5.5 中的铁路与蒸汽船在这里是原因——它们让一个从未与城市相连的乡村,能够抵达城市。
Select all · 所有 the coerced or semicoerced migrations the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有强制或半强制迁移。
British engineers are among those who chose freely. · 英国工程师属于自由选择迁移的那一类。
And made return possible
- The new methods of transportation also allowed for many migrants to return, periodically or permanently, to their home societies.
- The CED's examples: Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific, Lebanese merchants in the Americas, Italian industrial workers in Argentina.
- A migration that can be reversed is a different decision from one that cannot — which is why return migration is its own historical fact.
也使返回成为可能
- 新的交通方式也让许多移民得以定期或永久地返回原籍社会。
- CED 的例子:太平洋地区的日本农业工人、美洲的黎巴嫩商人、阿根廷的意大利产业工人。
- 一次可以逆转的迁移,与一次不可逆转的迁移是不同的决定——这正是回流移民本身构成一项历史事实的原因。
Separate why people moved from what moved them · 把人们为何迁徙与什么使迁徙成为可能分开
Demographic change gives the reason; steamships and railways give the possibility. · 人口变化提供了原因;蒸汽船和铁路提供了可能性。
New transport methods allowed many migrants to return home. · 新的交通方式使许多移民得以返乡。
Which changed what kind of decision migrating was. · 这改变了"迁移"是哪一类决定。
Coerced migration was not a leftover. The CED says the new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labour migration — enslavement, Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, convict labour. Treating nineteenth-century migration as essentially voluntary contradicts the clause.
强制性迁移不是遗留物。CED 说新的全球资本主义经济继续依赖强制与半强制的劳动迁移——奴役、华人与印度人的契约奴役、囚犯劳动。把十九世纪的迁移基本上当作自愿的,与这个分句相矛盾。
Migrants increasingly relocated to ____, contributing to 19th-century global urbanisation. · 移民日益迁往 ____,促成了十九世纪的全球城市化。
Railways and steamships made a city reachable from a countryside never connected to one. · 铁路与蒸汽船让一个从未与城市相连的乡村,能够抵达城市。
Free choice, and its opposite
- Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work — the CED names the Irish to the United States and British engineers and geologists to South Asia and Africa.
- The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labour migration, including enslavement, Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, and convict labour.
- The word continued matters: coercion is not a survival from an earlier era but a working part of the nineteenth-century economy.
自由选择,及其反面
- 许多人自由选择迁移,往往是为了寻找工作——CED 点名了前往美国的爱尔兰人,以及前往南亚与非洲的英国工程师与地质学家。
- 新的全球资本主义经济继续依赖强制与半强制的劳动迁移,包括奴役、华人与印度人的契约奴役,以及囚犯劳动。
- "继续"这个词很重要:强制不是早先时代的遗留,而是十九世纪经济中一个正在运转的部件。
Match each migrant group to what it illustrates. · 把每个移民群体与它所例示的内容配对。
Three different kinds of movement in one century. · 同一个世纪里的三种不同移动。
Environmental and economic factors
- This subtopic has two objectives, one environmental and one economic, and they want different evidence.
- Environmental: demographic change, land pressure, and what transport made reachable.
- Economic: the search for work, and an economy that relied on coerced and semicoerced labour.
环境因素与经济因素
- 本小节有两个目标,一个关乎环境,一个关乎经济,而它们需要不同的证据。
- 环境:人口变化、土地压力,以及交通使什么变得可达。
- 经济:对工作的寻找,以及一个依赖强制与半强制劳动的经济。
An Italian worker takes a steamship to Argentina for a harvest season and comes home. Fifty years earlier the journey would have been a one-way decision for life. Transport did not only move more people — it changed what kind of decision migrating was.
一位意大利工人乘蒸汽船前往阿根廷做一季收割,然后回家。五十年前,这趟行程会是一个一辈子只作一次的单向决定。交通不只是让更多人移动了——它改变了"迁移"是哪一类决定。
Demographic change in both industrialised and unindustrialised societies challenged existing patterns of living and drove migration. New transport sent migrants increasingly to cities, contributing to 19th-century global urbanisation, and allowed many to return. Many chose freely, in search of work, while the economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labour migration.
工业化与非工业化社会中的人口变化,冲击了既有生活方式,并驱动了迁移。新交通使移民日益迁往城市,促成了十九世纪的全球城市化,并使许多人得以返回。许多人自由选择迁移、为寻找工作,而这一经济继续依赖强制与半强制的劳动迁移。