What Migration Did to Societies · 移民对社会的影响
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Migrants often created ethnic enclaves/ˈmaɪɡrənts ˈɒfən kriːˈeɪtɪd ˈeθnɪk ˈeŋkleɪvz/ | 族裔聚居区 | zú yì jù jū qū |
Migrants were mostly men
- Migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men.
- So a migration has effects at the origin as well as the destination, and the CED puts the origin first.
- Women took on farm management, trade and legal responsibility because someone had to, not because a reform granted it.
移民多为男性
- 移民多为男性,这使原籍社会中的女性承担起原本由男性担任的新角色。
- 因此一场迁移在出发地与目的地同样产生影响,而 CED 把出发地放在前面。
- 女性承担起农场经营、贸易与法律责任,是因为总得有人来做,而不是因为某项改革给予了她们这些权利。
The CED's first named effect of migration happens... · CED命名的第一个移民影响发生在……
Mostly-male migration left women taking on roles formerly occupied by men. · 以男性为主的移民使女性承担了原本由男性担任的角色。
Ethnic enclaves
- Migrants often created ethnic enclaves 族裔聚居区 in different parts of the world that helped transplant their culture into new environments.
- The CED's examples: Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America and North America; Indians in East and Southern Africa, the Caribbean and Southeast Asia; Irish in North America; Italians in North and South America.
- An enclave is an institution, not just a neighbourhood: it supplies credit, work, language and mutual aid.
族裔聚居区
- 族裔聚居区(ethnic enclaves),这些聚居区帮助把他们的文化移植到新的环境中。
- CED 的例子:东南亚、加勒比、南美与北美的华人;东非与南部非洲、加勒比与东南亚的印度人;北美的爱尔兰人;南北美洲的意大利人。
- 聚居区是一种制度,而不只是一个街区:它提供信贷、工作、语言与互助。
Select all · 所有 the enclave communities the CED names. · 选择CED提到的所有飞地社区。
Italians in North and South America complete the CED's list. · 南北美洲的意大利人完成了CED的清单。
Receiving societies pushed back
- Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders.
- The CED names the Chinese Exclusion Act and the White Australia policy.
- So immigration restriction is part of this subtopic's content, and it is a state response as well as a social one.
接收社会的反弹
- 接收社会并不总是接纳移民,这体现在不同程度的族裔与种族偏见,以及国家试图规范跨境人员流动增加的各种方式上。
- CED 点名了**《排华法案》与白澳政策**。
- 因此移民限制是本小节内容的一部分,而它既是一种国家回应,也是一种社会回应。
Where does this effect happen? · 这种影响发生在何处？
Sort each consequence by its location. · 根据地点对每个后果进行分类。
Select all · 所有 the immigration regulations the CED names. · 选择CED提到的所有移民法规。
The others are trade laws, not immigration regulation. · 其他都是贸易法律，而非移民法规。
Migration changed the society people left, not only the one they joined. The CED's first effect is that migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles formerly occupied by men — an answer that only describes destinations has skipped the sentence the CED wrote first.
迁移改变的不只是人们前往的社会,也包括他们离开的社会。CED 列出的第一项影响是移民多为男性,这使女性承担起原本由男性担任的角色——只描述目的地的答案,跳过了 CED 写在最前面的那句话。
An ethnic ____ supplies credit, work, language and mutual aid, not just housing. · 一个民族____提供信用、劳动力、语言和互助，而不仅仅是住房。
It is an institution, not just a neighbourhood. · 它是一种制度，而不仅仅是一个街区。
Three effects, three locations
- At the origin: new roles for women. In the enclave: transplanted culture and mutual institutions. In the receiving society: prejudice and regulation.
- An answer that covers all three has covered the objective, because that is exactly how the CED divides it.
- Most answers cover only the middle one.
三种影响,三个地点
- 在出发地:女性的新角色。在聚居区内:被移植的文化与互助制度。在接收社会中:偏见与规制。
- 覆盖这三者的答案就覆盖了这一目标,因为 CED 正是这样划分它的。
- 而多数答案只覆盖了中间那一项。
Match each part of "how and why" to what it names. · 将“如何与为何”的每个部分与其指代内容匹配。
Most answers cover only the enclave. · 大多数答案仅涵盖飞地。
"How and why" needs a mechanism
- The objective is how and why new patterns of migration affected society.
- Why is the demographic imbalance: mostly-male migration leaves a gap that someone fills.
- How is the institution: an enclave or a restriction law is the visible form the effect takes.
"如何以及为何"需要一个机制
- 这一目标是新的迁移格局如何以及为何影响社会。
- "为何"在于人口的不均衡:以男性为主的迁移留下一个空缺,总得有人来填。
- "如何"在于制度:聚居区或一部限制法,正是这一影响所采取的可见形式。
A village sends most of its young men abroad for wage work. Within a decade, the women running its farms are also negotiating its debts and representing it in disputes. Nothing was granted to them; the roles were vacant and the work still had to be done — which is the CED's mechanism exactly.
一个村庄把大多数青壮年男性送往海外做工。十年之内,经营农场的女性也开始处理村里的债务、在纠纷中代表村庄出面。没有谁授予她们什么;那些角色空了出来,而活儿仍然得干——这正是 CED 所说的机制。
Migrants tended to be male, leaving women new roles formerly occupied by men at the origin. Ethnic enclaves transplanted culture — Chinese, Indian, Irish and Italian communities across several continents. Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, showing ethnic and racial prejudice and state regulation — the Chinese Exclusion Act, the White Australia policy.
移民多为男性,这使原籍地的女性承担起原本由男性担任的角色。 族裔聚居区移植了文化——横跨数大洲的华人、印度人、爱尔兰人与意大利人社群。接收社会并不总是接纳移民,表现为族裔与种族偏见以及国家规制——《排华法案》、白澳政策。