Export Economies · 出口型经济体
Factories and cities created a demand
- The need for raw materials for factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centres led to the growth of export economies around the world.
- Two demands, both created by unit 5: mills need fibre and metal, and cities need food.
- So the shape of the nineteenth-century world economy is set by what industrial societies consume.
工厂与城市造出了需求
- 工厂对原材料的需要,以及城市中心不断增长之人口对食物供应的需要,促成了世界各地出口型经济的成长。
- 两种需求,都由第五单元造出:工厂需要纤维与金属,城市需要食物。
- 因此十九世纪世界经济的形态,是由工业社会消费什么所设定的。
Select all · 所有 the demands the CED says drove export economies. · 选择CED所说的推动出口型经济体的所有需求。
Both demands were created by industrialisation in unit 5. · 这两种需求都是由单元5中的工业化创造的。
Specialised in extraction and crops
- Those export economies specialised in commercial extraction of natural resources and the production of food and industrial crops.
- The CED's examples: cotton in Egypt, rubber in the Amazon and the Congo basin, palm oil in West Africa, guano in Peru and Chile, meat from Argentina and Uruguay, diamonds from Africa.
- Specialised is the key word — a region organised around one export is exposed to that export's price.
专事开采与作物
- 这些出口型经济专事自然资源的商业性开采,以及粮食与工业作物的生产。
- CED 的例子:埃及的棉花、亚马逊与刚果盆地的橡胶、西非的棕榈油、秘鲁与智利的鸟粪石、阿根廷与乌拉圭的肉类、非洲的钻石。
- 专事是关键词——一个围绕单一出口品组织起来的地区,便暴露在那种出口品的价格之下。
Select all · 所有 the export economies the CED names. · 选择CED提到的所有出口型经济体。
British steel is manufacturing, not an export economy in this sense. · 英国钢铁属于制造业，在此意义上不是出口型经济体。
Raw materials out, finished goods in
- The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.
- That single clause describes the whole exchange, and it explains why export economies did not become industrial ones.
- Selling raw and buying finished keeps the value added — and the factories — somewhere else.
原材料出去,制成品进来
- 这些原材料的利润被用来购买制成品。
- 这一个分句描述了整场交换,也解释了为何出口型经济没有变成工业经济。
- 卖出原料、买进成品,会把增值——以及工厂——留在别处。
Which demand, and what environment? · 哪项需求，以及何种环境？
Sort each export by the demand it met. · 根据每项出口所满足的需求对其进行分类。
The profits from raw materials were used to purchase ____ goods. · 来自原材料的利润被用于购买____商品。
Selling raw and buying finished keeps the value added somewhere else. · 出售原料并购买制成品使增值留在了他处。
Specialisation is the risk, not just the strategy. A region organised around one export is exposed to that export's price and to a substitute appearing elsewhere — and the CED's clause about profits buying finished goods explains why the value added stayed abroad.
专事某项出口既是策略,也是风险。一个围绕单一出口品组织起来的地区,暴露在那种出口品的价格之下,也暴露在别处出现替代品的风险之下——而 CED 关于利润被用来购买制成品的那个分句,解释了增值为何留在了海外。
A region could simply choose which export economy to become. · 一个地区可以简单地选择成为哪种出口型经济体。
The map of the export economy is partly a map of climate and geology. · 出口型经济地图部分也是气候和地质地图。
Environment set what a region could sell
- The objective is how environmental factors contributed to the development of the global economy.
- Rubber needs a particular forest; guano needs particular seabird islands; cattle need particular grassland.
- So the map of the export economy is partly a map of climate and geology — which is why no state could simply choose its role.
环境决定了一个地区能卖什么
- 这一目标是环境因素如何促成了全球经济的发展。
- 橡胶需要特定的森林;鸟粪石需要特定的海鸟岛屿;牛需要特定的草原。
- 因此出口型经济的地图,部分地就是一张气候与地质的地图——这正是没有哪个国家能够简单地挑选自己角色的原因。
Put the three-sentence export answer in order. · 将三句出口型经济答案按顺序排列。
Three sentences cover the objective; the fourth earns the analysis. · 三句话覆盖目标；第四句获得分析分。
Using a named example well
- Choose one export, name the environment that made it possible, and name what was bought with the proceeds.
- Guano is the cleanest: seabird islands, fertiliser for European farms, and manufactured imports in return.
- Three sentences, and the whole objective is covered.
用好一个被点名的例子
- 选定一种出口品,说出使它成为可能的环境,并说出所得被用来买了什么。
- 鸟粪石最为清晰:海鸟岛屿、供欧洲农田使用的肥料,以及作为回报的制成品进口。
- 三句话,就覆盖了整个目标。
Peru sells guano to European farmers, who use it to raise wheat yields, and buys manufactured goods with the proceeds. The arrangement works exactly as long as no cheaper fertiliser exists. When one does, the islands are still there and the economy built on them is not.
秘鲁把鸟粪石卖给欧洲农场主,后者用它提高小麦产量,而秘鲁用所得购买制成品。只要不存在更便宜的肥料,这一安排就能一直奏效。而当更便宜的肥料出现时,那些岛屿依然在那里,建立在它们之上的经济却不在了。
The need for factory raw materials and urban food supplies grew export economies that specialised in commercial extraction and food and industrial crops — cotton in Egypt, rubber in the Amazon and Congo, palm oil in West Africa, guano in Peru and Chile, meat from Argentina and Uruguay, African diamonds. Profits bought finished goods, which kept the value added abroad.
工厂对原材料与城市对食物供应的需要,催生了出口型经济,它们专事商业性开采与粮食及工业作物的生产——埃及的棉花、亚马逊与刚果的橡胶、西非的棕榈油、秘鲁与智利的鸟粪石、阿根廷与乌拉圭的肉类、非洲的钻石。利润被用来购买制成品,这使增值留在了海外。