Resistance and New States · 抵抗与新国家
Nationalism turned against empire
- Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anticolonial movements.
- The ideas of unit 5 do not stay in Europe — a claim that a people should govern itself travels wherever the language does.
- So imperial states exported the argument that would be used against them.
民族主义转而反对帝国
- 对政治权威日益增多的质疑与不断增长的民族主义,推动了反殖民运动。
- 第五单元的那些观念并不停留在欧洲——"一个民族应当自治"这一主张,会随着语言传到哪里就走到哪里。
- 因此帝国主义国家输出了日后将被用来反对它们自己的那个论证。
Select all · 所有 the forms of anti-imperial resistance the CED names. · 选择CED提到的所有反帝抵抗形式。
State creation is easy to miss and is half of the CED's sentence. · 国家建立容易被忽视，它是CED这句话的一半。
Two forms of anti-imperial resistance
- Anti-imperial resistance took various forms, including direct resistance within empires and the creation of new states on the peripheries.
- Direct resistance: Túpac Amaru II's rebellion in Peru, Samory Touré's campaigns in West Africa, the Yaa Asantewaa War, the 1857 rebellion in India.
- New states: independent states in the Balkans, the Sokoto Caliphate, the Cherokee Nation, the Zulu Kingdom.
反帝抵抗的两种形式
- 反帝抵抗采取了多种形式,包括帝国内部的直接抵抗,以及在边缘地带建立新国家。
- 直接抵抗:秘鲁的图帕克·阿马鲁二世起义、西非的萨莫里·杜尔的战役、亚阿·阿散蒂瓦战争、1857 年的印度起义。
- 新国家:巴尔干的独立国家、索科托哈里发国、切罗基民族、祖鲁王国。
Select all · 所有 the religiously influenced rebellions the CED names. · 选择CED提到的所有受宗教影响的叛乱。
The CED lists 1857 under direct resistance. · CED将1857年事件列为直接抵抗。
Religion supplied some of the language
- Increasing discontent with imperial rule led to rebellions, some of which were influenced by religious ideas.
- The CED's examples: the Ghost Dance in the U.S., the Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement in Southern Africa, the Mahdist wars in Sudan.
- Some of which is a careful qualifier — religion is one source of resistance among several, not the general explanation.
宗教提供了部分语言
- 对帝国统治日益增长的不满引发了各种反抗,其中一些受到宗教观念的影响。
- CED 的例子:美国的鬼舞运动、南部非洲的科萨杀牛运动,以及苏丹的马赫迪战争。
- "其中一些"是一个谨慎的限定语——宗教是抵抗的若干来源之一,不是普遍解释。
Direct resistance, a new state, or a religiously influenced rebellion? · 直接抵抗、新国家还是受宗教影响的叛乱？
Sort each case by the CED's forms of resistance. · 根据CED的抵抗形式对每个案例进行分类。
The CED says all anticolonial rebellions were religiously motivated. · CED称所有反殖民叛乱都受到宗教动机驱使。
Its qualifier is some of which — religion is one source among several. · 其限定词是其中一些——宗教只是众多来源之一。
Creating a new state was itself a form of anti-imperial resistance. The CED lists it beside direct rebellion — the Sokoto Caliphate and the Zulu Kingdom were state-building projects, not only reactions. Reading resistance as always defensive misses half of the CED's sentence.
**建立一个新国家本身就是反帝抵抗的一种形式。**CED 把它与直接反抗并列——索科托哈里发国与祖鲁王国是建国工程,而不只是反应。把抵抗一概读作防御性的,就漏掉了 CED 那句话的一半。
Match each factor to its type. · 将每个因素与其类型匹配。
The third is the interesting case: an external idea becomes an internal weapon. · 第三种情况很有趣：一种外部思想变成了内部武器。
Internal and external factors
- The objective asks how internal and external factors influenced state building.
- External: imperial pressure, borrowed political vocabulary, imported weapons and money.
- Internal: existing rivalries, religious authority, and the ambitions of leaders who used the moment.
内部与外部因素
- 这一目标问的是内部与外部因素如何影响建国。
- 外部:帝国压力、借来的政治词汇、输入的武器与资金。
- 内部:既有的对立、宗教权威,以及利用这一时机之领袖的抱负。
Imperial states exported the ____ that would later be used against them. · 帝国国家输出了后来被用来反对它们的____。
A claim that a people should govern itself travels wherever the language does. · 一个民族应自治的主张随语言传播到各地。
Resistance built states too
- The CED lists the creation of new states on the peripheries as a form of resistance, which is easy to miss.
- The Sokoto Caliphate and the Zulu Kingdom are state-building projects, not only reactions.
- So an answer can use resistance as evidence for state formation, which is exactly what the objective asks about.
抵抗同样造就国家
- CED 把在边缘地带建立新国家列为抵抗的一种形式,而这很容易被漏掉。
- 索科托哈里发国与祖鲁王国是建国工程,而不只是反应。
- 因此答案可以把抵抗用作建国的证据,而这正是这一目标所问的。
An imperial power teaches a colonial elite the vocabulary of national self-determination in order to administer them in it. Twenty years later the same vocabulary is quoted back in a petition for independence. The external factor and the internal one are the same sentence, read by different people.
一个帝国主义强权把民族自决的词汇教给殖民地精英,为的是用这套词汇来管理他们。二十年后,同样的词汇被引用回去,写进一份独立请愿书里。外部因素与内部因素其实是同一句话,只是被不同的人读到。
Questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anticolonial movements. Anti-imperial resistance took various forms — direct resistance within empires (Túpac Amaru II, Samory Touré, Yaa Asantewaa, 1857 India) and the creation of new states on the peripheries (Balkans, Sokoto, Cherokee, Zulu). Some rebellions were influenced by religious ideas — Ghost Dance, Xhosa Cattle-Killing, Mahdist wars.
对政治权威的质疑与不断增长的民族主义,推动了反殖民运动。 反帝抵抗采取多种形式——帝国内部的直接抵抗(图帕克·阿马鲁二世、萨莫里·杜尔、亚阿·阿散蒂瓦、1857 年印度)以及在边缘地带建立新国家(巴尔干、索科托、切罗基、祖鲁)。一些反抗受到宗教观念影响——鬼舞、科萨杀牛、马赫迪战争。