How State Power Shifted · 国家权力如何转移
Tightening a grip already held
- Some states with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies and in some cases assumed direct control over colonies previously held by non-state entities.
- The CED's examples: the Congo passing from King Leopold II's private ownership to the Belgian government, and Indonesia and Southeast Asia passing from the Dutch East India Company to Dutch government control.
- So one form of expansion is a government taking over from a company or an individual.
收紧已经握着的手
- 一些已有殖民地的国家加强了对这些殖民地的控制,并在某些情况下接管了此前由非国家实体持有的殖民地。
- CED 的例子:刚果从利奥波德二世国王的私人所有转到比利时政府手中,以及印度尼西亚与东南亚从荷兰东印度公司转到荷兰政府控制之下。
- 因此扩张的一种形式,是政府从一家公司或一个人手里接手。
Select all · 所有 the non-state-to-state transfers the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有由非国家实体转为国家控制的案例。
The CED names exactly those two. · CED 恰好点了这两个。
Who acquired, and who declined
- European states as well as the United States and Japan acquired territories throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined.
- Two of the acquiring powers are not European — the CED says so in the same clause.
- And the sentence contains a decline as well as a rise, which is a comparison built into the evidence.
谁在获取,谁在衰退
- 欧洲国家以及美国与日本在亚洲与太平洋各地获取领土,而西班牙与葡萄牙的影响力则衰退。
- 获取方中有两个不是欧洲国家——CED 在同一个分句里就这样写了。
- 而这句话既包含上升也包含衰退,这是内建在证据中的一次比较。
Select all · 所有 the powers the CED says acquired territories in Asia and the Pacific. · 选出 CED 所说在亚洲与太平洋获取领土的所有强权。
Spanish and Portuguese influence is named as declining in the same sentence. · 西班牙与葡萄牙的影响力在同一句话中被写为衰退。
Africa: warfare and diplomacy
- Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to expand their empires in Africa — Britain in West Africa, Belgium in the Congo, France in West Africa.
- Both matters: treaties, protectorates and negotiated concessions did as much work as force.
- An answer that describes only conquest has used half of the CED's own method list.
非洲:战争与外交
- 许多欧洲国家同时使用战争与外交来扩张它们在非洲的帝国——英国在西非、比利时在刚果、法国在西非。
- "同时"很重要:条约、保护国与谈判得来的特许权,起的作用不亚于武力。
- 只描述征服的答案,只用了 CED 自己那份方法清单的一半。
Follow how imperial state power shifted · 追踪帝国国家权力如何转移
European states, the United States and Japan all expanded — which is what makes this a global rather than a European story. · 欧洲国家、美国与日本都在扩张——这正是它属于全球史而非欧洲史的原因。
Select all · 所有 the methods the CED says European states used in Africa. · 选出 CED 所说欧洲国家在非洲使用的所有方法。
Both matters — treaties and concessions did as much work as force. · "同时"很重要——条约与特许权起的作用不亚于武力。
Not every imperial power in this period was European. The CED names the United States and Japan acquiring territories in Asia and the Pacific alongside European states, and lists Spanish and Portuguese decline in the same sentence. A Europe-only answer contradicts the clause it is quoting.
这一时期并非每个帝国主义强权都是欧洲的。CED 与欧洲国家并列点名了美国与日本在亚洲与太平洋获取领土,并在同一句话里列出了西班牙与葡萄牙的衰退。一个只谈欧洲的答案,与它所引用的那个分句相矛盾。
A settler colony differs from a trading post because it... · 定居殖民地与商站的区别在于,它……
The CED names New Zealand as an example. · CED 点名新西兰作为例子。
Settler colonies are a distinct type
- Europeans established settler colonies in some parts of their empires — the CED names New Zealand.
- A settler colony imports a permanent population, so the relationship with indigenous peoples is about land itself.
- That makes its politics different from a trading post or an administered territory.
定居殖民地是一种独特的类型
- 欧洲人在其帝国的某些地区建立了定居殖民地——CED 点名了新西兰。
- 定居殖民地引入的是永久性人口,因此与原住民之间的关系直接关乎土地本身。
- 这使它的政治不同于商站或受管辖的属地。
The objective asks you to ____ processes by which state power shifted. · 这一目标要求你 ____ 国家权力转移的各种过程。
Same century, different mechanisms — and the CED supplies both sides. · 同一个世纪,不同的机制——而 CED 把两边都提供了。
Expanding overland, not overseas
- The United States, Russia and Japan expanded their land holdings by conquering and settling neighbouring territories.
- So the CED puts contiguous expansion in the same subtopic as overseas empire, and asks you to compare the processes.
- The comparison is the objective: same century, different mechanisms, and the CED supplies both sides.
陆上扩张,而非海外扩张
- 美国、俄国与日本通过征服并定居邻近领土,扩大了自己的土地版图。
- 因此 CED 把陆上连片扩张与海外帝国放进同一个小节,并要求你比较这些过程。
- 比较正是这一目标本身:同一个世纪,不同的机制,而 CED 把两边都提供了。
The Congo shifts from being one king's private property to being a Belgian state colony. Nothing about the territory changed; what changed is who is legally responsible for it, and therefore which public can be held to account for what happens there. That is a shift in state power in the CED's exact sense.
刚果从一位国王的私人财产,变为比利时的国家殖民地。这片领土本身没有任何变化;变化的是谁在法律上对它负责,从而也就是哪一个公众可以为那里发生的事被问责。这正是 CED 所说的那种意义上的国家权力转移。
States strengthened control over existing colonies and took over from non-state entities (Congo, Dutch East Indies). European states, the United States and Japan acquired territories in Asia and the Pacific while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined. In Africa, states used both warfare and diplomacy. Settler colonies are a distinct type, and the U.S., Russia and Japan expanded overland.
国家加强了对既有殖民地的控制,并从非国家实体手中接管(刚果、荷属东印度)。欧洲国家、美国与日本在亚洲与太平洋获取领土,而西班牙与葡萄牙的影响力衰退。在非洲,各国同时使用战争与外交。定居殖民地是一种独特类型,而美、俄、日则在陆上扩张。