Justifying Empire · 为帝国辩护
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| A range of cultural, religious and racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism, including Social Darwinism | 社会达尔文主义 | shè huì dá ěr wén zhǔ yì |
| nationalism, the concept of the civilising mission/ˈnæʃənəlɪzəm ðə ˈkɒnsept ɒvðə ˈsɪvəlaɪzɪŋ ˈmɪʃn/ | 文明使命 | wén míng shǐ mìng |
Four justifications, named by the CED
- A range of cultural, religious and racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism, including Social Darwinism 社会达尔文主义, nationalism, the concept of the civilising mission 文明使命, and the desire to religiously convert indigenous populations.
- The CED's verb is used to justify — these are arguments made for empire, not explanations of why it happened.
- Keeping justification separate from cause is the whole skill of this subtopic.
CED 点名的四种辩护
- 社会达尔文主义(Social Darwinism)、文明教化使命(civilising mission)的观念,以及使原住民皈依宗教的愿望。
- CED 用的动词是被用来辩护——这些是为帝国所作的论证,而不是它为何发生的解释。
- 把辩护与原因分开,正是本小节的全部技能。
Select all · 所有 the justifications the CED names. · 选择CED提到的所有辩护理由。
The desire to religiously convert completes the four; free trade is an economic policy. · 宗教皈依的渴望构成了第四项；自由贸易是一项经济政策。
Social Darwinism
- Social Darwinism took language from biology and applied it to peoples and states.
- It claimed that competition between human groups produced a natural ranking, and that conquest confirmed it.
- It is a racial ideology in the CED's category list, and historians treat it as a justification advanced at the time, not as a scientific finding.
社会达尔文主义
- 社会达尔文主义取用生物学的语言,并把它套用在民族与国家身上。
- 它宣称人类群体之间的竞争产生了一种自然的排序,而征服则确认了这一排序。
- 在 CED 的类别清单中,它属于种族意识形态,而历史学者把它视为当时提出的一种辩护,而不是一项科学发现。
The CED's verb for these ideologies is that they were... · CED对这些意识形态使用的动词是它们被……
They are arguments made for empire. · 它们是支持帝国的论据。
Nationalism, pointed outward
- Unit 5 met nationalism as a force that made and unmade states at home.
- Here the same idea is turned outward: a nation proves its standing by the territory it holds.
- So colonies became a way of competing with rival European states — which is why the scramble accelerated once one state started.
向外指向的民族主义
- 第五单元遇到的民族主义,是一股在国内造就与瓦解国家的力量。
- 在这里,同样的观念被向外转:一个民族以它所占的领土来证明自己的地位。
- 因此殖民地成了与欧洲对手国家竞争的方式——这正是一旦有一国动手、争夺便加速的原因。
Which kind of ideology is this? · 这属于哪种意识形态？
Sort each justification by the CED's three categories. · 根据CED的三个类别对每项辩护进行分类。
The objective treats ideologies as contributing to imperialism's development. · 该目标将意识形态视为帝国主义发展的促成因素。
So say what each argument made politically possible, not just that it was insincere. · 因此要说明每个论据在政治上使什么成为可能，而不仅仅是指出其虚伪性。
A justification is not the same as a cause, but the CED treats these as causes too. The objective asks how ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism — so the answer is what the argument made possible politically, not simply that empire was really about profit.
辩护与原因不是一回事,但 CED 同样把这些视为原因。这一目标问的是意识形态如何促成了帝国主义的发展——因此答案是这一论证在政治上使什么成为可能,而不是简单地说帝国其实只是为了利润。
In this unit nationalism is turned : a nation proves its standing by the territory it holds. · 在本单元中，民族主义转向：一个国家通过其所持领土来证明自身地位。
Which is why the scramble accelerated once one state started. · 这就是为什么一旦一国开始，瓜分狂潮便加速了。
Mission, civilising and religious
- The concept of the civilising mission presented conquest as an obligation to improve the conquered.
- The desire to religiously convert indigenous populations is listed separately, because it is a distinct motive with its own institutions.
- Both are moral arguments, which is what makes them effective — a state can pursue an interest while describing a duty.
使命,文明的与宗教的
- 文明使命的观念,把征服呈现为一项改良被征服者的义务。
- 使原住民皈依宗教的愿望被单独列出,因为它是一个有自身机构的独立动机。
- 两者都是道德论证,而这正是它们有效的原因——一个国家可以在追求利益的同时,把它说成一项责任。
Match each ideology to what it claimed. · 将每种意识形态与其宣称的内容匹配。
All three are moral or scientific-sounding arguments for an expensive policy. · 这三者都是为昂贵政策提供的道德或伪科学论据。
Justification is evidence about the justifier
- The objective is how ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism — so an ideology is treated as a cause, not only as a cover.
- An argument that persuades a public makes an expensive policy politically possible.
- So an answer should say what the ideology enabled, not merely that it was insincere.
辩护是关于辩护者的证据
- 这一目标是意识形态如何促成了帝国主义的发展——因此意识形态被视为一种原因,而不只是一层遮掩。
- 一个能说服公众的论证,使一项昂贵的政策在政治上成为可能。
- 因此答案应当说出这一意识形态使什么成为可能,而不只是说它并不真诚。
A parliament will not vote money for a distant war on the grounds that a company wants a monopoly. It may vote that money to end a practice it has been told is barbarous. The civilising mission does not explain why the state wanted the territory — it explains how the state was able to pay for it.
一个议会不会以"某家公司想要垄断"为由,拨款支持一场遥远的战争。但它可能会为了终结一项被告知是野蛮的做法而拨出这笔钱。文明使命并不解释这个国家为何想要那片领土——它解释的是这个国家如何得以为之付账。
Cultural, religious and racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism — Social Darwinism, nationalism, the civilising mission, and the desire to religiously convert indigenous populations. The objective treats these as contributing to imperialism's development, so say what each argument made politically possible.
文化、宗教与种族的意识形态被用来为帝国主义辩护——社会达尔文主义、民族主义、文明使命,以及使原住民皈依宗教的愿望。这一目标把它们视为促成了帝国主义的发展,因此要说出每种论证在政治上使什么成为可能。