Cultural Consequences of Connectivity · 连通性的文化后果
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| gunpowder/ˈɡʌnpaʊdə/ | 火药 | huǒ yào |
| paper/ˈpeɪpə/ | 纸 | zhǐ |
Contact diffuses more than goods
- Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic and cultural traditions, as well as scientific and technological innovations.
- Four categories in one sentence — literary, artistic, cultural, and scientific-technological.
- So a cultural consequences answer can draw on any of the four, and the strongest use two.
接触传播的不只是货物
- 跨文化互动的增加,带来了文学、艺术与文化传统的传播,以及科学与技术创新的传播。
- 一句话里有四个类别——文学、艺术、文化,以及科学技术。
- 因此"文化后果"类的答案可以取用其中任何一类,而最好的答案会用上两类。
Select all · 所有 the categories the CED says cross-cultural interaction diffused. · 选择CED认为跨文化互动扩散了的所有类别。
Taxation is not on the CED's list here. · 税收不在CED此处的列表中。
Religions travelled the trade routes
- The CED's cultural examples are all religious diffusion: Buddhism in East Asia, Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia, and Islam in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.
- Each follows a network you have already studied: the Silk Roads, the Indian Ocean, the Sahara.
- So religion is the clearest evidence that a route carried people and ideas, not only cargo.
宗教沿贸易路线传播
- CED 的文化例子全是宗教传播:佛教在东亚、印度教与佛教传入东南亚,以及伊斯兰教在撒哈拉以南非洲与亚洲。
- 每一项都沿着你已经学过的网络:丝绸之路、印度洋、撒哈拉。
- 因此宗教是最清楚的证据,证明一条路线运送的是人与观念,而不只是货物。
Select all · 所有 the innovations the CED says diffused from China. · 选择CED指出从中国扩散的所有创新。
Both change what other societies can do, not just what they own. · 两者都改变了其他社会能够做什么，而不仅仅是拥有什么。
Two technologies out of China
- The CED names gunpowder 火药 and paper 纸 as innovations diffusing from China.
- Both change what other societies can do, not just what they own.
- Paper reaches administration and scholarship; gunpowder reaches warfare and, eventually, state-building.
来自中国的两项技术
- CED 点名火药(gunpowder)与纸(paper)作为自中国传播出去的创新。
- 两者改变的是其他社会能做什么,而不只是它们拥有什么。
- 纸触及行政与学术;火药触及战争,并最终触及建国。
Which kind of diffusion is this? · 这属于哪种扩散类型？
Sort each example by the CED's categories. · 按CED的分类对每个示例进行排序。
Select all · 所有 the travellers the CED names. · 选择CED指出的所有旅行者。
Zheng He led state expeditions and belongs to subtopic 2.3. · 郑和领导了官方远征，属于子主题 2.3。
Urbanisation went both ways in this period. The CED describes periods of significant decline and periods of increased urbanisation — so an answer claiming cities simply grew as trade grew contradicts the sentence it is meant to be using.
这一时期的城市化是双向的。CED 描述的是显著衰落的时期与城市化加速的时期——因此一个声称"贸易增长则城市增长"的答案,与它本该引用的那句话相矛盾。
In this period cities grew steadily as trade grew. · 在这一时期，随着贸易的增长，城市稳步发展。
The CED describes significant decline as well as increased urbanisation. · CED既描述了显著衰退，也提到了城市化增加。
Cities rose and fell
- The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline and periods of increased urbanisation, buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.
- So urbanisation is not a one-way trend in this period — the CED insists on both directions.
- A city on a route that shifts, or hit by plague, can decline while another grows.
城市有起有落
- 城市的命运差异很大,既有显著衰落的时期,也有城市化加速的时期,后者由生产率上升与贸易网络扩张所推动。
- 因此在这一时期,城市化并不是单向的趋势——CED 坚持两个方向都存在。
- 一座位于改道路线上的城市、或一座被瘟疫击中的城市,可以在另一座城市成长的同时衰落。
Travel accounts are simultaneously an effect of connectivity and ____ of it. · 游记既是连通性的结果，也是其____。
He could go, and he describes the same institutions in a dozen places. · 他能够前往，并且他在十几个地方描述了同样的制度。
Travellers wrote it down
- As exchange networks intensified, an increasing number of travellers within Afro-Eurasia wrote about their travels.
- The CED names Ibn Battuta, Margery Kempe and Marco Polo.
- Their accounts are the period's own evidence of connectivity — and a source type the exam likes to hand you.
旅行者把它写了下来
- 随着交换网络强化,欧亚非内部越来越多的旅行者写下了自己的旅行。
- CED 点名伊本·白图泰、玛杰丽·坎普与马可·波罗。
- 他们的记述是这一时期关于连通性的自证材料——也是考试喜欢交给你的一类史料。
Ibn Battuta travels from Morocco to China across networks built by merchants, and writes it down. His account is simultaneously an effect of connectivity (he could go) and evidence of it (he describes the same institutions in a dozen places) — which is why travel writing is the CED's chosen proof that the networks were real.
伊本·白图泰沿着商人建成的网络,从摩洛哥一路行至中国,并把它写了下来。他的记述既是连通性的结果(他能够成行),也是它的证据(他在十几个地方描述了同样的制度)——这正是 CED 选择旅行书写作为"这些网络确实存在"之明证的原因。
Cross-cultural interaction diffused literary, artistic and cultural traditions and scientific and technological innovations. Religions travelled the routes; gunpowder and paper spread from China. City fates varied — decline as well as urbanisation. Travellers wrote about their travels — Ibn Battuta, Margery Kempe, Marco Polo.
**跨文化互动传播了文学、艺术与文化传统,以及科学与技术创新。**宗教沿路线传播;火药与纸自中国扩散。城市命运各异——既有衰落,也有城市化。旅行者写下了自己的旅行——伊本·白图泰、玛杰丽·坎普、马可·波罗。