The Indian Ocean · 印度洋
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge, including advanced knowledge of the monsoon winds | 季风 | jì fēng |
| compass/ˈkʌmpəs/ | 罗盘 | luó pán |
| astrolabe/ˈæstrəleɪb/ | 星盘 | xīng pán |
| In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities | 侨居社群 | qiáo jū shè qún |
| Interregional contacts and conflicts encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers, including during Chinese maritime activity led by Ming Admiral Zheng He | 郑和 | zhèng hé |
A trade route made of weather
- The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on environmental knowledge, including advanced knowledge of the monsoon winds 季风.
- The monsoons reverse twice a year, so a ship sails out on one season and home on the other.
- That makes the whole network seasonal — and the CED counts environmental knowledge as a cause of trade growth.
一条由天气构成的贸易路线
- 季风(monsoon winds)的深入了解。
- 季风一年反转两次,因此船只借一个季节出航、借另一个季节返航。
- 这使整个网络具有季节性——而 CED 把环境知识算作贸易增长的一个原因。
The monsoon winds mattered because they... · 季风很重要，因为它们……
The CED counts environmental knowledge as a cause of trade growth. · CED将环境知识视为贸易增长的原因。
Instruments and ships
- Innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies here include the compass 罗盘, the astrolabe 星盘, and larger ship designs.
- The compass gives direction out of sight of land; the astrolabe gives latitude.
- Bigger hulls make each voyage carry more, which is the same volume argument as the Silk Roads' credit.
仪器与船只
- 此处对既有运输与商业技术的创新包括罗盘(compass)、星盘(astrolabe)与更大的船型设计。
- 指南针在看不见陆地时给出方向;星盘给出纬度。
- 更大的船体让每次航行运得更多,这与丝绸之路上信用的论证是同一个"运量"论证。
Select all · 所有 the technologies the CED names for the Indian Ocean. · 选择CED为印度洋指出的所有技术。
The camel saddle belongs to trans-Saharan trade, subtopic 2.4. · 骆驼鞍座属于跨撒哈拉贸易，位于子主题 2.4。
The network built states
- The Indian Ocean trading network fostered the growth of states.
- The CED's examples: the city-states of the Swahili Coast, Gujarat, and the Sultanate of Malacca.
- Each sits where the network needs a stop — and taxing that stop is a state's revenue.
网络造就国家
- 印度洋贸易网络促进了国家的成长。
- CED 的例子:斯瓦希里海岸的城邦、古吉拉特与马六甲苏丹国。
- 每一个都位于网络需要停靠之处——而对这个停靠点征税,就是一个国家的收入。
Cause, state, or cultural exchange? · 原因、状态还是文化交流？
Sort each item by its role in the Indian Ocean subtopic. · 按其在印度洋子主题中的作用对每个项目分类。
Select all · 所有 the states the CED says the network fostered. · 选择CED认为该网络催生的所有政权。
Mali belongs to trans-Saharan trade. · 马里属于跨撒哈拉贸易。
Cultural influence in diasporic communities ran both ways. The CED says merchants introduced their traditions into indigenous cultures and, in turn, indigenous cultures influenced merchant cultures. An answer that describes only what merchants brought has used half the sentence.
**侨居社群中的文化影响是双向的。**CED 说商人把自己的传统引入本地文化,而本地文化反过来也影响了商人的文化。只描述商人带来了什么的答案,只用了这句话的一半。
In diasporic communities, cultural influence ran in both directions. · 在 diasporic（散居）社区中，文化影响是双向流动的。
The CED's in turn is load-bearing — indigenous cultures influenced merchant cultures too. · CED中的 in turn（反过来）具有支撑作用——本土文化也影响了商人文化。
Merchants settled and mixed
- In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities 侨居社群 where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous cultures and, in turn, indigenous cultures influenced merchant cultures.
- The CED's in turn is load-bearing: influence ran both ways.
- Examples: Arab and Persian communities in East Africa, Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia, Malay communities across the basin.
商人定居并混合
- 侨居社群(diasporic communities),在那里把自己的文化传统引入本地文化,而本地文化反过来也影响了商人的文化。
- CED 的"反过来"是承重的:影响是双向的。
- 例子:东非的阿拉伯与波斯社群、东南亚的华商社群、遍布该海域的马来社群。
Ming Admiral ____ led state maritime expeditions into a merchant-built network. · 明朝将领____领导了进入商人构建网络的官方航海远征。
They moved envoys, goods and prestige rather than founding colonies. · 他们运送使节、货物和声望，而非建立殖民地。
Zheng He as a state-scale voyage
- Interregional contacts and conflicts encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers, including during Chinese maritime activity led by Ming Admiral Zheng He 郑和.
- These were state expeditions on an unprecedented scale, moving envoys, goods and prestige rather than founding colonies.
- They show a state entering a network that merchants had already built — which is the shape of this whole subtopic.
郑和:国家规模的航行
- 跨地区的接触与冲突促成了重要的技术与文化传递,包括明代郑和(Zheng He)所率领的中国海上活动期间的传递。
- 这些是规模空前的国家远航,运送的是使节、货物与声望,而不是建立殖民地。
- 它们展示了一个国家进入一张商人早已织成的网络——而这正是整个小节的形态。
On the Swahili Coast, Arab and Persian merchants brought Islam and Arabic script; local Bantu language, kinship and building practice shaped what the resulting Swahili society looked like. Neither side stayed as it arrived — which is exactly what "in turn" is describing.
在斯瓦希里海岸,阿拉伯与波斯商人带来了伊斯兰教与阿拉伯文字;而本地的班图语言、亲属制度与营造方式,塑造了由此形成的斯瓦希里社会的样貌。双方都没有保持抵达时的样子——而这正是"反过来"所描述的。
Indian Ocean trade depended on environmental knowledge, especially the monsoon winds, plus the compass, astrolabe and larger ships. The network fostered the growth of states — Swahili city-states, Gujarat, Malacca — and merchants' diasporic communities exchanged cultural influence in both directions. Zheng He shows a state entering a merchant-built network.
印度洋贸易依赖环境知识,尤其是季风,再加上指南针、星盘与更大的船。这一网络促进了国家的成长——斯瓦希里城邦、古吉拉特、马六甲——而商人的侨居社群在两个方向上交换文化影响。郑和展示了一个国家进入商人已建成的网络。