The Silk Roads · 丝绸之路
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| caravanserai/ˈkærəvænsəraɪ/ | 商队旅馆 | shāng duì lǚ guǎn |
| forms of credit/fɔːmz ɒv ˈkredɪt/ | 信用工具 | xìn yòng gōng jù |
| money economies/ˈmʌni ɪˈkɒnəmiz/ | 货币经济 | huò bì jīng jì |
| Bills of exchange/bɪlz ɒv eksˈtʃeɪndʒ/ | 汇票 | huì piào |
The routes were old; the volume was new
- The Silk Roads existed long before 1200. What changed after 1200 was how much moved along them.
- Improved commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes.
- So the CED's causal claim is about practices, not about discovery of new lands.
路是旧的;运量是新的
- 丝绸之路早在 1200 年之前就已存在。1200 年之后改变的是沿路运送的数量。
- 商业惯例的改进带来了贸易量的增加,并扩展了既有贸易路线的地理范围。
- 因此 CED 的因果主张关乎惯例,而不关乎新土地的发现。
Select all · 所有 the commercial innovations the CED names here. · 选择所有CED在此处提到的商业创新。
The compass belongs to the Indian Ocean subtopic, 2.3. · 罗盘属于印度洋子主题2.3。
Credit is a technology
- Innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies included the caravanserai 商队旅馆, forms of credit 信用工具, and money economies 货币经济.
- Bills of exchange 汇票 let a merchant deposit in one city and withdraw in another; banking houses and paper money did related work.
- None of these moves a single extra camel — they remove the need to carry the value physically, which is what raises volume.
信用是一种技术
- 对既有运输与商业技术的创新包括商队旅馆(caravanserai)、信用工具(forms of credit)与货币经济(money economies)。
- 汇票(bills of exchange)让商人在一座城市存入、在另一座城市取出;银行商号与纸币做的是相关的工作。
- 这些都没有多赶一头骆驼——它们免去了实物携带价值的必要,而这正是运量得以提高的原因。
What changed about the Silk Roads after 1200 was mainly... · 1200年后丝绸之路的变化主要是……
The routes were old; the CED's causal claim is about commercial practices. · 路线很古老；CED的因果主张是关于商业实践的。
Trade builds cities
- The same sentence ends by promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities — the CED names Kashgar and Samarkand.
- A caravan city is not just a stop: it stores, finances, protects and taxes.
- So the growth of a city is evidence of trade volume, and can be used as evidence in an answer.
贸易造就城市
- 同一句话以促进了强大的新兴贸易城市的成长作结——CED 点出了喀什噶尔与撒马尔罕。
- 商队城市不只是一个歇脚处:它储存、融资、保护并征税。
- 因此城市的成长本身就是贸易量的证据,可以用在答案里。
Cause or effect of network growth? · 网络增长的起因还是结果？
Sort each item by its place in the CED's causal sentence. · 根据其在CED因果句中的位置对每一项进行排序。
A ____ of exchange let a merchant deposit in one city and withdraw in another. · 一种____使商人能在一个城市存款并在另一个城市取款。
It removes the need to carry the value physically, which is what raises volume. · 它消除了携带实物价值的需求，而这正是提升规模的原因。
Credit and paper money are causes, not effects. They are the innovations that raised the volume of trade — a bill of exchange removes the need to carry silver across a desert. Listing them among the results of trade reverses the CED's own causal sentence.
**信用与纸币是原因,不是结果。**它们正是提高贸易量的那些创新——一张汇票免去了带着白银穿越沙漠的必要。把它们列为贸易的结果,就把 CED 自己的因果句颠倒了。
The growth of new trading cities can be used as evidence of trade volume. · 新贸易城市的增长可作为贸易规模的证据。
A caravan city stores, finances, protects and taxes — it exists because volume exists. · 商队城市储存、融资、保护和征税——它的存在源于贸易量的增长。
Demand pulled production
- Demand for luxury goods increased in Afro-Eurasia.
- Chinese, Persian and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; manufacture of iron and steel expanded in China.
- So the route did not only carry goods — it changed what was made, and where.
需求拉动生产
- 欧亚非对奢侈品的需求增加了。
- 中国、波斯与印度的工匠与商人扩大了出口用纺织品与瓷器的生产;中国的铁与钢制造业也扩大了。
- 因此这条路线不只运送货物——它改变了生产什么,以及在哪里生产。
Select all · 所有 the goods whose production expanded for export. · 选择所有生产扩张用于出口的商品。
Bananas are a crop diffusion, in subtopic 2.6. · 香蕉属于作物扩散，位于子主题 2.6。
Causes and effects, kept apart
- The objective is causes and effects of the growth of networks of exchange, so an answer must sort its evidence into the two.
- Causes: commercial practices, credit, the caravanserai, transport improvements.
- Effects: greater volume, wider range, new trading cities, expanded manufacturing for export.
把原因与结果分开
- 这一目标是交换网络成长的原因与结果,因此答案必须把证据分入这两类。
- 原因:商业惯例、信用、商队旅馆、运输改进。
- 结果:更大的运量、更广的范围、新的贸易城市、为出口而扩大的制造业。
A merchant in Kashgar deposits silver and receives a bill of exchange redeemable in Samarkand. He crosses the desert carrying paper. The value that arrives is the same; the risk, the weight and the guards are not — and that difference, repeated thousands of times, is what "increased volume of trade" actually means.
一位商人在喀什噶尔存入白银,换得一张可在撒马尔罕兑付的汇票。他带着一张纸穿越沙漠。抵达的价值是一样的;而风险、重量与护卫队则不一样——这一差别重复上千次,就是"贸易量增加"真正的含义。
Improved commercial practices increased the volume of trade and expanded the range of existing routes, promoting new trading cities (Kashgar, Samarkand). Innovations included the caravanserai, forms of credit and money economies — bills of exchange, banking houses, paper money. Demand for luxury goods expanded production of textiles, porcelain, iron and steel.
商业惯例的改进增加了贸易量并扩展了既有路线的范围,促进了新的贸易城市(喀什噶尔、撒马尔罕)。创新包括商队旅馆、信用工具与货币经济——汇票、银行商号、纸币。对奢侈品的需求扩大了纺织品、瓷器、铁与钢的生产。