Challenges of a New Century · 新世纪的挑战
A security aim does not establish every result
- An account describes military responses after the 2001 attacks and concludes that all security measures therefore succeeded.
- An aim to improve security is not evidence of universal success. Include lengthy conflicts and questions about civil liberties and human rights in the effects discussed.
Attacks, and the response
- In the wake of attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001, the United States launched military efforts against terrorism and lengthy, controversial conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. Lengthy and controversial are the CED's own adjectives, and both belong in an answer.
- In the wake of dates the response to the attacks, which places it in 7.11's pattern: a policy response after an attack, while intervention still involved decisions.
Select both · 两者 adjectives the CED gives the conflicts. · 选择CED赋予冲突的两项形容词。
Both belong in an answer. · 两者都属于答案的一部分。
Security against liberties
- The war on terrorism sought to improve security within the United States but also raised questions about the protection of civil liberties and human rights. But also — the CED puts the cost in the same sentence as the aim, as it did with 7.12's internment and 8.3's Red Scare.
- So this is the fourth instance in the course of an emergency producing questions about rights, and naming the pattern is worth a sentence.
The war on terrorism sought security but also... · 反恐战争寻求安全，但也……
The fourth instance of the same pattern in this course. · 本课程中同一模式的第四次出现。
Energy and climate
- Conflicts in the Middle East and concerns about climate change led to debates over U.S. dependence on fossil fuels and the impact of economic consumption on the environment. Two different causes converging on one debate: a security problem and an environmental one.
- 8.13 had already recorded oil crises sparking attempts at creating a national energy policy; this is the same debate with climate added.
A military response, a domestic question, or an environmental debate? · 军事回应、国内问题还是环境辩论？
Sort each element of 21st-century challenges. · 对21世纪挑战的每个要素进行排序。
Select both · 两者 causes that converged on the energy debate. · 选择汇聚到能源辩论中的两项原因。
A security problem and an environmental one. · 一个安全问题和一个环境问题。
"Lengthy, controversial" are the CED's own adjectives. The United States launched military efforts against terrorism and lengthy, controversial conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq — both words belong in an answer, and the security-versus-liberties sentence follows the pattern of 7.12 and 8.3.
'Despite economic and foreign policy challenges' signals... · “尽管面临经济和外交政策挑战”暗示……
The position persisted through a difficult period. · 这一立场贯穿了艰难时期。
And the position held
- Despite economic and foreign policy challenges, the United States continued as the world's leading superpower in the 21st century. Despite concedes the challenges before stating the conclusion, which is how the CED usually signals a qualified claim.
- 7.14's most powerful nation on Earth is the earlier statement; this says the position persisted through a difficult period.
Select all · 所有 the earlier instances of emergency raising rights questions. · 选择所有早期引发权利问题的紧急事件实例。
The war on terrorism is the fourth. · 反恐战争是第四个。
Domestic and international challenges
- The objective is the causes and effects of the domestic and international challenges the United States has faced in the 21st century. International: attacks, lengthy conflicts, Middle East instability, and the superpower position maintained.
- Domestic: questions about civil liberties and human rights, and debates over fossil fuels and consumption.
Every emergency in this course produces the same question in a new form: how much of what is being defended may be suspended in order to defend it? The question recurs because no answer settles it in advance.
Carry the reasoning to a new case
- The attacks form context for policy choices; they did not remove decision-making from policymakers.
- Separate stated aims, actions, debated consequences and qualified claims about power.
Match each phrase to the role it plays.
Aims and actions need separate evidence of outcomes; an emergency does not make policy choices automatic.
In the wake of attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001, the United States launched military efforts against terrorism and lengthy, controversial conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. The war on terrorism sought to improve security within the United States but also raised questions about the protection of civil liberties and human rights. Conflicts in the Middle East and concerns about climate change led to debates over U.S. dependence on fossil fuels and the impact of economic consumption on the environment, and despite economic and foreign policy challenges, the United States continued as the world's leading superpower in the 21st century.