Opposition From Several Directions · 来自多个方向的反对
Anti-war protest was new in scale
- Although anti-communist foreign policy faced little domestic opposition in previous years, the Vietnam War inspired sizable and passionate anti-war protests that became more numerous as the war escalated and sometimes led to violence.
- Little domestic opposition in previous years is the comparison that makes the point — the policy was old, the protest was not.
- Became more numerous as the war escalated gives a mechanism: opposition grew with the war's demands.
反战抗议在规模上是新的
- 尽管反共外交政策在此前的年代里几乎未遇到国内反对,越南战争却激起了规模可观且情绪激烈的反战抗议,这些抗议随战争升级而增多,有时并导致暴力。
- 在此前的年代里几乎未遇到国内反对,正是那句点明要点的比较——政策是旧的,而抗议不是。
- 随战争升级而增多给出了一个机制:反对随着战争的索求而增长。
What made Vietnam-era protest distinctive was that earlier anti-communist policy... · 越战时期抗议的独特之处在于，早期的反共政策……
The policy was old; the protest was not. · 这项政策很古老；而抗议则不然。
Criticism from the left
- Some groups on the left also rejected liberal policies, arguing that political leaders did too little to transform the racial and economic status quo at home and pursued immoral policies abroad.
- Two charges: too little at home and immoral policies abroad — and both attack 8.9's two-part definition of liberalism.
- So liberalism at its height was criticised from the left as well as, in 8.14, from the right.
来自左翼的批评
- 左翼的一些群体也拒斥自由派政策,主张政治领袖在国内为改变种族与经济现状所做太少,并在海外推行不道德的政策。
- 两项指控:在国内做得太少与在海外推行不道德的政策——而两者攻击的正是 8.9 中对自由主义的两部分定义。
- 因此处在高点的自由主义,既在 8.14 中受到右翼批评,也受到左翼批评。
Select both · 两者 charges the left made against liberal policies. · 选择左翼对自由主义政策提出的两项指控。
Both attack 8.9's two-part definition of liberalism. · 两者都攻击了8.9中对自由主义的二分法定义。
The counterculture's three effects
- Young people who participated in the counterculture of the 1960s rejected many of the social, economic, and political values of their parents' generation, introduced greater informality into U.S. culture, and advocated changes in sexual norms.
- Three effects, and introduced greater informality into U.S. culture is a lasting change of manners, not only of opinion.
- 8.5's challenges to conformity by... rebellious youth is the earlier stage of the same development.
反主流文化的三项效果
- 参与 1960 年代反主流文化的年轻人拒斥了他们父母一代许多社会、经济与政治上的价值观,把更大的非正式性引入美国文化,并主张改变性规范。
- 三项效果,而把更大的非正式性引入美国文化是一项关于举止的持久变化,不只是关于看法。
- 8.5 中叛逆青年……对从众的挑战是同一发展的更早阶段。
Anti-war, the left, or the counterculture? · 反战、左翼还是反文化？
Sort each element of 1960s opposition. · 将1960年代反对运动的每个要素进行排序。
Select all · 所有 three effects of the counterculture the CED names. · 选择CED指出的反文化的全部三种影响。
The second is a lasting change of manners. · 第二项是一种持久的礼仪变化。
Three oppositions, three different targets. Anti-war protest opposed a foreign policy, the left opposed liberal policies for doing too little at home and pursuing immoral policies abroad, and the counterculture opposed inherited values — they overlap in people, not in target.
三种反对,三个不同的目标。反战抗议反对的是一项外交政策,左翼反对自由派政策在国内做得太少并在海外推行不道德的政策,而反主流文化反对的是继承而来的价值观——它们在人上重叠,而不在目标上。
Match each opposition to its target. · 将每项反对与其目标匹配。
They overlap in people, not in target. · 它们在人员上重叠，但在目标上不重叠。
Three oppositions, three targets
- Anti-war protest opposed a foreign policy; the left opposed liberal policy; the counterculture opposed inherited values.
- They overlap in people and in period, but they are not the same movement and the CED lists them separately.
- Naming which target each opposed is what turns "the sixties" into an analysis.
三种反对,三个目标
- 反战抗议反对的是一项外交政策;左翼反对的是自由派政策;反主流文化反对的是继承而来的价值观。
- 它们在人与时期上有重叠,但它们不是同一场运动,而 CED 把它们分别列出。
- 点出每一种所反对的目标,正是把"六十年代"变成一种分析的东西。
The change in opposition over the century is that some of it now... · 本世纪反对运动的变化在于，其中一部分现在……
Earlier opposition sought inclusion. · 早期的反对寻求融入。
Opposition over the century
- The objective is how and why opposition to existing policies and values developed and changed over the course of the 20th century.
- Developed: from 7.4's Progressive reform through 8.11's rights movements to these three oppositions.
- Changed: earlier opposition sought inclusion in existing arrangements; some of this opposition rejected the arrangements themselves.
贯穿这个世纪的反对
- 这一目标是对既有政策与价值观的反对如何以及为何在整个 20 世纪中发展与变化。
- 发展:从 7.4 的进步派改革,经 8.11 的各项权利运动,到这三种反对。
- 变化:更早的反对寻求在既有安排中被纳入;而这里的一部分反对拒斥安排本身。
Three people at the same march can be objecting to a war, to a party's timidity and to their parents' idea of a haircut. Counting them as one movement makes the decade unintelligible.
同一场游行中的三个人,可能分别在反对一场战争、一个政党的怯懦,以及他们父母心目中的发型观念。把他们算作同一场运动,会让这个十年变得无法理解。
Although anti-communist foreign policy faced little domestic opposition in previous years, the Vietnam War inspired sizable and passionate anti-war protests that became more numerous as the war escalated and sometimes led to violence. Some groups on the left also rejected liberal policies, arguing that political leaders did too little to transform the racial and economic status quo at home and pursued immoral policies abroad. Young people who participated in the counterculture... rejected many of the social, economic, and political values of their parents' generation, introduced greater informality into U.S. culture, and advocated changes in sexual norms.
尽管反共外交政策在此前的年代里几乎未遇到国内反对,越南战争却激起了规模可观且情绪激烈的反战抗议,这些抗议随战争升级而增多,有时并导致暴力。 左翼的一些群体也拒斥自由派政策,主张政治领袖在国内为改变种族与经济现状所做太少,并在海外推行不道德的政策。 参与反主流文化的年轻人……拒斥了他们父母一代许多社会、经济与政治上的价值观,把更大的非正式性引入美国文化,并主张改变性规范。