Cold War Policy · 冷战政策
Four aims, stated together
- United States policymakers engaged in a cold war with the authoritarian Soviet Union, seeking to limit the growth of Communist military power and ideological influence, create a free-market global economy, and build an international security system.
- Four aims: limit military power, limit ideological influence, create a free-market global economy, and build an international security system.
- The third and fourth are constructive, not defensive — the policy was to build institutions, not only to block a rival.
被一并陈述的四个目标
- 美国的政策制定者与专制的苏联展开冷战,力图限制共产主义军事力量与意识形态影响的增长、创建一个自由市场的全球经济,并建立一个国际安全体系。
- 四个目标:限制军事力量、限制意识形态影响、创建一个自由市场的全球经济,以及建立一个国际安全体系。
- 第三与第四项是建设性的,不是防御性的——这项政策是要建立机构,而不只是阻挡一个对手。
Select all · 所有 four aims the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的全部四个目标。
The last two are constructive, not defensive. · 后两项是建设性的,不是防御性的。
Three instruments
- As postwar tensions dissolved the wartime alliance between Western democracies and the Soviet Union, the United States developed a foreign policy based on collective security, international aid, and economic institutions that bolstered non-Communist nations.
- Collective security, international aid, and economic institutions — none of these is a war, and all three are permanent commitments.
- 7.5's Senate had refused exactly this kind of commitment in 1919; the contrast is the clearest continuity-and-change point in the unit.
三种手段
- 随着战后的紧张关系瓦解了西方民主国家与苏联之间的战时同盟,美国发展出一项以集体安全、国际援助,以及扶持非共产主义国家的经济机构为基础的外交政策。
- 集体安全、国际援助与经济机构——其中没有一项是战争,而三者都是长期的承诺。
- 7.5 中的参议院曾在 1919 年拒绝的正是这类承诺;这一对照是本单元中最清晰的延续与变化论点。
Select all · 所有 three instruments of the new foreign policy. · 选出这项新外交政策的全部三种手段。
All three are permanent commitments — the kind 1919 refused. · 三者都是长期承诺——正是 1919 年所拒绝的那一类。
Containment, including Korea
- Concerned by expansionist Communist ideology and Soviet repression, the United States sought to contain communism through a variety of measures, including major military engagements in Korea.
- A variety of measures with a major military engagement among them — containment covers both diplomacy and war.
- 8.8 will add Vietnam to the same sentence, so the two wars are described as instances of one policy.
遏制,包括朝鲜
- 出于对扩张主义共产主义意识形态与苏联压制的关切,美国力图通过多种手段遏制共产主义,其中包括在朝鲜的大规模军事介入。
- 多种手段,其中包含一次大规模军事介入——遏制同时涵盖外交与战争。
- 8.8 将把越南加入同一个句子,因此这两场战争被描述为同一项政策的实例。
Build containment out of its instruments · 用具体工具搭出遏制政策
Containment is a policy; the Doctrine, the Plan, NATO and Korea are four kinds of instrument. · 遏制是一项政策;杜鲁门主义、马歇尔计划、北约与朝鲜战争是四类工具。
Korea appears in the CED as... · 朝鲜在 CED 中作为……出现
8.8 adds Vietnam to the same sentence. · 8.8 把越南加入了同一个句子。
Two of the four aims are constructive, not defensive. The United States sought to create a free-market global economy and build an international security system — the policy was to build institutions, not only to block a rival, and 7.5's Senate had refused exactly this kind of commitment in 1919.
四个目标中有两个是建设性的,不是防御性的。美国力图创建一个自由市场的全球经济并建立一个国际安全体系——这项政策是要建立机构,而不只是阻挡一个对手,而 7.5 中的参议院在 1919 年拒绝的正是这类承诺。
'Fluctuated' describes a pattern with... · "起伏不定"描述的是一种……的模式
The same word Europe's 9.4 used for the Soviet bloc. · 与欧洲史 9.4 用于苏联阵营的是同一个词。
The Cold War fluctuated
- The Cold War fluctuated between periods of direct and indirect military confrontation and periods of mutual coexistence (or détente).
- Fluctuated describes a pattern with no single direction — the same word Europe's 9.4 used for the Soviet bloc relationship.
- So the objective's continuities and changes are built into the CED's own description of the conflict.
冷战起伏不定
- 冷战在直接与间接军事对抗的时期,与相互共存(或称缓和)的时期之间起伏不定。
- 起伏不定描述的是一种没有单一方向的模式——与欧洲史 9.4 用于苏联阵营关系的是同一个词。
- 因此这一目标中的延续与变化,已经内建于 CED 自己对这场冲突的描述之中。
7.5's Senate refused exactly this kind of ____ in 1919. · 7.5 中的参议院在 1919 年拒绝的正是这类 ____。
The clearest continuity-and-change point in the unit. · 本单元中最清晰的延续与变化论点。
Continuities and changes in policy
- The objective is the continuities and changes in Cold War policies from 1945 to 1980.
- Continuity: the four aims held throughout, and both parties supported containment (8.3).
- Change: the balance between confrontation and détente shifted, and 8.8's Vietnam produced opposition that Korea had not.
政策上的延续与变化
- 这一目标是1945 至 1980 年间冷战政策的延续与变化。
- 延续:那四个目标始终不变,而两大政党都支持遏制(8.3)。
- 变化:对抗与缓和之间的平衡发生了移动,而 8.8 的越南战争产生了朝鲜战争所未曾产生的反对。
A policy of blocking an opponent ends when the opponent stops. A policy of building an economic and security system outlives the reason it was begun, because the institutions acquire members with their own interests.
一项阻挡对手的政策,在对手停下时就结束了。而一项建造经济与安全体系的政策,会比它开始的理由活得更久,因为那些机构会获得拥有自身利益的成员。
United States policymakers engaged in a cold war with the authoritarian Soviet Union, seeking to limit the growth of Communist military power and ideological influence, create a free-market global economy, and build an international security system. The foreign policy rested on collective security, international aid, and economic institutions; containment used a variety of measures, including major military engagements in Korea; and the Cold War fluctuated between periods of direct and indirect military confrontation and periods of mutual coexistence (or détente).
美国的政策制定者与专制的苏联展开冷战,力图限制共产主义军事力量与意识形态影响的增长、创建一个自由市场的全球经济,并建立一个国际安全体系。这项外交政策建立在集体安全、国际援助与经济机构之上;遏制使用了多种手段,其中包括在朝鲜的大规模军事介入;而冷战在直接与间接军事对抗的时期,与相互共存(或称缓和)的时期之间起伏不定。