War, Fear and Movement · 战争、恐惧与运动
Speech restricted, radicalism feared
- Official restrictions on freedom of speech grew during World War I, as increased anxiety about radicalism led to a Red Scare and attacks on labour activism and immigrant culture.
- One anxiety, three targets: speech, labour activism, and immigrant culture.
- So wartime security policy and domestic social conflict are described as the same phenomenon.
言论受限,激进主义引发恐惧
- 在第一次世界大战期间,官方对言论自由的限制增加,因为对激进主义日益加剧的焦虑导致了一场红色恐慌,以及对劳工行动主义与移民文化的攻击。
- 一种焦虑,三个目标:言论、劳工行动主义与移民文化。
- 因此战时的安全政策与国内的社会冲突被描述为同一个现象。
Select all · 所有 three targets of wartime anxiety about radicalism. · 选择战时对激进主义焦虑的所有三个目标。
One anxiety, three targets. · 一种焦虑，三个目标。
Immigration peaked, then quotas
- Immigration from Europe reached its peak in the years before World War I. During World War I, nativist campaigns against some ethnic groups led to the passage of quotas that restricted immigration, particularly from southern and eastern Europe, and increased barriers to Asian immigration.
- Quotas are a new instrument: not persuasion or hostility but a number written into law.
- 6.9's assimilation debate ends here, in restriction — which 5.5's nativism had already been arguing for.
移民达到高峰,继而是配额
- 来自欧洲的移民在第一次世界大战之前的那些年达到高峰。在第一次世界大战期间,针对某些族群的本土主义运动促成了配额的通过,限制了尤其是来自南欧与东欧的移民,并提高了亚洲移民的门槛。
- 配额是一种新工具:不是劝说,也不是敌意,而是一个被写进法律的数字。
- 6.9 的同化辩论在这里以限制告终——而 5.5 的本土主义早已在为此论辩。
Quotas are a new instrument because they are... · 配额是一种新工具，因为它们是...
6.9's assimilation debate ends here, in restriction. · 6.9的同化辩论在此结束，即限制。
War work pulled people to cities
- The increased demand for war production and labour during World War I led many Americans to migrate to urban centres in search of economic opportunities.
- So the war is a migration cause, and restricting immigration while demanding labour created a pull for internal migrants.
- That mechanism is what makes the next bullet follow from this one.
战时工作把人拉向城市
- 第一次世界大战期间对战争生产与劳动力需求的增加,促使许多美国人迁往城市中心寻找经济机会。
- 因此这场战争是一项迁徙成因,而在限制移民的同时需要劳动力,为国内迁徙者制造了一股拉力。
- 正是这一机制使下一条要点从这一条中随之而来。
Wartime restriction, immigration policy, or internal movement? · 战时限制、移民政策还是内部运动？
Sort each element of wartime population change. · 对战争期间人口变化的每个要素进行分类。
Select all · 所有 three push factors of the Great Migration. · 选择大迁移的所有三个推动因素。
6.4's Jim Crow and 5.11's stripped rights are the conditions escaped. · 6.4的吉姆·克劳法和5.11的被剥夺权利是逃离的条件。
Restricting immigration while demanding war labour created the pull for internal migrants. Quotas cut one supply of workers just as increased demand for war production and labour raised the need — and the Great Migration moved into exactly that gap.
在限制移民的同时需要战时劳动力,为国内迁徙者制造了拉力。配额切断了一条劳动力来源,而正在此时对战争生产与劳动力的需求增加抬高了需要——而大迁徙正是移入了那道缺口。
The CED says migrants found new opportunities but still encountered discrimination. · CED称移民发现了新机会但仍遭遇歧视。
A two-sided outcome, in one clause. · 一个两方面的结果，在一个从句中。
The Great Migration
- In the Great Migration during and after World War I, African Americans escaping segregation, racial violence, and limited economic opportunity in the South moved to the North and West, where they found new opportunities but still encountered discrimination.
- Three push factors, two destinations, and a two-sided outcome: new opportunities but still... discrimination.
- 6.4's Jim Crow and 5.11's stripped rights are the conditions being escaped, so this is a movement with a named cause.
大迁徙
- 在第一次世界大战期间与之后的大迁徙中,为逃离南方的种族隔离、种族暴力与有限经济机会的非裔美国人迁往北方与西部,他们在那里找到了新的机会,但仍然遭遇歧视。
- 三项推力因素、两个目的地,以及一个双面的结果:新的机会 但仍然……歧视。
- 6.4 的吉姆·克劳制与 5.11 中被剥夺的权利,正是所逃离的那些条件,因此这是一场有着被点名之成因的迁徙。
Quotas cut one labour supply while war demand raised the need, and the Great Migration moved into that . · 配额削减了一部分劳动力供应，而战时需求增加了需求，大迁移进入了那个。
The policy did not intend the movement it produced. · 该政策并未意图产生它所促成的运动。
International and internal together
- The objective is the causes and effects of international and internal migration patterns over time, and both words are graded.
- International: a peak, then quotas restricting southern and eastern Europe and raising barriers to Asia.
- Internal: war-industry pull to cities, and the Great Migration out of the South.
国际与国内并置
- 这一目标是国际与国内迁徙模式随时间的成因与效果,而两个词都会被评分。
- 国际的:一次高峰,继而是限制南欧与东欧、并提高亚洲门槛的配额。
- 国内的:战争工业对城市的拉力,以及离开南方的大迁徙。
Close one door to the labour market and open another, and people will find the second one. The policy did not intend the movement it produced, and the movement changed the country more than the policy did.
关上通向劳动力市场的一扇门,再打开另一扇,人们就会找到第二扇。这项政策并没有打算造成它所产生的那场移动,而那场移动对这个国家的改变,超过了这项政策本身。
Official restrictions on freedom of speech grew during World War I, as increased anxiety about radicalism led to a Red Scare and attacks on labour activism and immigrant culture. Immigration from Europe reached its peak in the years before World War I, and nativist campaigns led to the passage of quotas... particularly from southern and eastern Europe, and increased barriers to Asian immigration. Increased demand for war production and labour pulled Americans to cities, and in the Great Migration... African Americans escaping segregation, racial violence, and limited economic opportunity in the South moved to the North and West, where they found new opportunities but still encountered discrimination.
在第一次世界大战期间,官方对言论自由的限制增加,因为对激进主义日益加剧的焦虑导致了一场红色恐慌,以及对劳工行动主义与移民文化的攻击。 来自欧洲的移民在第一次世界大战之前的那些年达到高峰,而本土主义运动促成了配额的通过……尤其针对来自南欧与东欧的移民,并提高了亚洲移民的门槛。对战争生产与劳动力需求的增加把美国人拉向城市,而在大迁徙中……为逃离南方的种族隔离、种族暴力与有限经济机会的非裔美国人迁往北方与西部,他们在那里找到了新的机会,但仍然遭遇歧视。