A Middle Class and a Gospel · 一个中产阶级与一个福音
Corporations created a new class
- Corporations' need for managers and for male and female clerical workers, as well as increased access to educational institutions, fostered the growth of a distinctive middle class.
- The cause is corporate structure — 6.6's redesigned management needs people to run it.
- Male and female clerical workers puts women in the new middle class explicitly, which is the CED's own wording.
公司造就了一个新阶级
- 公司对经理人以及男女文职人员的需求,加上教育机构可及性的提高,促成了一个独特的中产阶级的成长。
- 成因是公司结构——6.6 中重新设计的管理需要有人来运作。
- 男女文职人员明确地把女性放进了这个新的中产阶级,而这是 CED 自己的措辞。
Select both · 两者 causes of the new middle class. · 选择新兴中产阶级的两个成因。
The cause is corporate structure — 6.6's management needs people. · 原因是企业结构——6.6 的管理需要人才。
Leisure expanded consumption
- A growing amount of leisure time also helped expand consumer culture.
- Leisure is a resource like income: consumption requires both money and time to spend it.
- 6.4's Europe-facing analogue in unit 6 of the European course is the same point — consumer culture is a way of life, not just a market.
闲暇扩大了消费
- 闲暇时间的增加也帮助扩大了消费文化。
- 闲暇是一种像收入一样的资源:消费既需要钱,也需要花钱的时间。
- 在欧洲史课程第六单元中面向欧洲的对应说法,是同一个论点——消费文化是一种生活方式,不只是一个市场。
The CED's phrase for the new clerical workforce is... · CED对新兴文书劳动力的称呼是……
It puts women in the new middle class explicitly. · 它明确将女性纳入新兴中产阶级。
The Gospel of Wealth
- Some business leaders argued that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help the less fortunate and improve society, as articulated in the idea known as the Gospel of Wealth, and they made philanthropic contributions that enhanced educational opportunities and urban environments.
- Some, not most — and the CED records both the argument and the contributions that followed it.
- Two named results: educational opportunities and urban environments.
财富福音
- 一些企业领袖主张富人在道德上有义务帮助不幸者并改善社会,这一观念被称为财富福音,而他们作出的慈善捐助提升了教育机会与城市环境。
- 是一些,不是大多数——而 CED 同时记录了那项主张与随之而来的捐助。
- 两项被点名的结果:教育机会与城市环境。
A cause, a social effect, or the Gospel of Wealth? · 是一个原因、一种社会影响，还是财富福音？
Sort each element of increased opportunity. · 对机会增加的每个要素进行排序。
Leisure matters to consumer culture because consumption requires... · 休闲对消费文化很重要，因为消费需要……
Leisure is a resource like income. · 休闲像收入一样是一种资源。
Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth accept the same outcome and differ on the duty. One says success at the top is appropriate and inevitable; the other says the wealthy have a moral obligation to help the less fortunate — which is why the same class could hold both at once.
社会达尔文主义与财富福音接受同一个结果,而在义务上有别。一个说顶端的成功既恰当又不可避免;另一个说富人负有帮助不幸者的道德义务——这正是同一个阶级能够同时持有两者的原因。
Select both · 两者 results of the philanthropic contributions. · 选择慈善捐赠带来的两个结果。
'Some' business leaders, not most. · ‘一些’企业主，而非大多数。
Gospel of Wealth against Social Darwinism
- 6.9's Social Darwinism says success at the top is appropriate and inevitable — so nothing is owed.
- The Gospel of Wealth says the wealthy have a moral obligation — so something is owed, voluntarily.
- Both accept the outcome and differ on the duty, which is why they could be held by the same class at the same time.
财富福音对社会达尔文主义
- 6.9 的社会达尔文主义说顶端的成功既恰当又不可避免——因此没有什么是亏欠的。
- 财富福音说富人负有道德义务——因此有某种东西是亏欠的,但出于自愿。
- 两者都接受这一结果,而在义务上有别,这正是它们能被同一个阶级在同一时期同时持有的原因。
Match each doctrine to what it says is owed. · 将每种教义与其声称应偿还的内容相匹配。
Both accept the outcome and differ on the duty. · 两者都接受结果，但在责任上有所不同。
Opportunity and its effects
- The objective is the causes of increased economic opportunity and its effects on society.
- Causes: corporate demand for managers and clerks, and increased access to educational institutions.
- Effects: a distinctive middle class, expanded consumer culture, and philanthropy that reshaped schools and cities.
机会及其效果
- 这一目标是经济机会增加的成因及其对社会的效果。
- 成因:公司对经理人与文职人员的需求,以及教育机构可及性的提高。
- 效果:一个独特的中产阶级、被扩大的消费文化,以及重塑了学校与城市的慈善事业。
Two men agree that they earned everything they have. One concludes that he owes nothing; the other that he must give it away well. Their agreement is about the past and their disagreement is about the future.
两个人都同意自己所拥有的一切都是自己挣来的。其中一个由此断定他不亏欠任何人;另一个则断定他必须把它妥善地散出去。他们的一致关乎过去,他们的分歧关乎未来。
Corporations' need for managers and for male and female clerical workers, as well as increased access to educational institutions, fostered the growth of a distinctive middle class, and a growing amount of leisure time also helped expand consumer culture. Some business leaders argued that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help the less fortunate and improve society, as articulated in the idea known as the Gospel of Wealth, and they made philanthropic contributions that enhanced educational opportunities and urban environments.
公司对经理人以及男女文职人员的需求,加上教育机构可及性的提高,促成了一个独特的中产阶级的成长,而闲暇时间的增加也帮助扩大了消费文化。一些企业领袖主张富人在道德上有义务帮助不幸者并改善社会,这一观念被称为财富福音,而他们作出的慈善捐助提升了教育机会与城市环境。