How the Spanish Empire Was Organised · 西班牙帝国的组织方式
The encomienda system
- In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshalled Native American labour to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources.
- The CED names a system — a legal and administrative arrangement, not an informal practice.
- And it names two purposes: plantation-based agriculture and the extraction of metals and resources.
委托监护制
- 在委托监护制之下,西班牙的殖民地经济调配美洲原住民的劳动力,以支撑以种植园为基础的农业,并开采贵金属与其他资源。
- CED 点出的是一种制度——一套法律与行政上的安排,不是一种非正式做法。
- 而它点出了两项用途:以种植园为基础的农业,以及金属与资源的开采。
Select both · 两者 purposes the encomienda system served. · 选择恩科米恩达制度服务的两个目的。
A system — a legal and administrative arrangement. · 一种制度——法律和行政安排。
The transatlantic slave trade begins here
- European traders partnered with some West African groups who practised slavery to forcibly extract enslaved laborers for the Americas.
- Some West African groups, and forcibly extract — the CED is exact about both the partnership and the coercion.
- The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labour in plantation agriculture and mining.
跨大西洋奴隶贸易从这里开始
- 欧洲商人与一些实行奴隶制的西非群体合作,强行掳掠被奴役的劳工前往美洲。
- 是一些西非群体,而且是强行掳掠——CED 对这种合作与这种强制都说得精确。
- 西班牙人输入被奴役的非洲人,在种植园农业与采矿业中劳作。
The CED says European traders partnered with... · CED称欧洲商人与...合作
The CED is exact about both the partnership and the coercion. · CED在合作关系和胁迫方面都表述精确。
A caste system defining status
- The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire.
- Carefully defined is the CED's phrase: the hierarchy was written down, not merely practised.
- So social structure in this empire is a legal artefact, which is why it belongs in an answer about structures.
一套界定地位的种姓制度
- 西班牙人发展出一套种姓制度,把其帝国内欧洲人、非洲人与美洲原住民构成的多样人口纳入其中,并细致地界定了他们的地位。
- 细致地界定是 CED 的措辞:这套等级是被写下来的,而不只是被实行的。
- 因此这个帝国里的社会结构是一件法律造物,这正是它属于一道关于结构之题目的原因。
Labour system, forced trade, or legal hierarchy? · 劳动力制度、强制贸易还是法律等级？
Sort each structure of the Spanish Empire. · 将西班牙帝国的每个结构进行分类。
The caste system incorporated and ____ defined the status of the empire's population. · 种姓制度吸纳并____界定了帝国人口的地位。
The hierarchy was written, not merely practised. · 等级制度是书面的，而不仅仅是实践的。
"Carefully defined the status of" means the hierarchy was written, not merely practised. The Spanish caste system incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, Europeans, Africans and Native Americans — so social structure here is a legal artefact, which is exactly why it answers a question about structures.
"细致地界定了……的地位"意味着这套等级是被写下来的,而不只是被实行的。西班牙的种姓制度把欧洲人、非洲人与美洲原住民纳入其中,并细致地界定了他们的地位——因此这里的社会结构是一件法律造物,这正是它能回答一道关于结构之题目的原因。
The three structures connect because each supplies... · 这三个结构相互关联，因为每个都提供...
That connection turns three facts into an explanation. · 这种联系将三个事实转化为一种解释。
Three structures, one purpose
- Labour system, trade in enslaved people, and legal hierarchy are three arrangements serving one extractive economy.
- The CED lists them together because each supplies something the others need: workers, more workers, and a justification.
- Saying that connection out loud is what turns three facts into an explanation.
三种结构,一个目的
- 劳动制度、奴隶贸易与法律等级,是服务于同一种榨取型经济的三套安排。
- CED 把它们列在一起,是因为每一项都提供了其余各项所需要的东西:劳动力、更多劳动力,以及一套辩护。
- 把这层联系明说出来,正是把三条事实变成一个解释的方式。
'Over time' licenses describing a sequence of changing labour arrangements. · ‘随着时间的推移’许可描述了一系列变化的劳动安排。
As populations and demands changed. · 随着人口和需求的变化。
Social and economic structures over time
- The objective is how the growth of the Spanish Empire shaped the development of social and economic structures over time.
- Economic: the encomienda system and plantation-and-mining extraction. Social: the caste system and its written status categories.
- Over time licenses describing a sequence — labour arrangements changing as populations and demands changed.
随时间演变的社会与经济结构
- 这一目标是西班牙帝国的成长如何随时间塑造了社会与经济结构的发展。
- 经济方面:委托监护制,以及种植园与采矿的榨取。社会方面:种姓制度及其成文的身份类别。
- 随时间允许描述一个序列——劳动安排随着人口与需求的变化而变化。
An economy built to extract metal and grow crops needs workers, a way to obtain more of them, and an argument for why some people must do the work and others must not. Three institutions supply exactly those three needs.
一种为开采金属与种植作物而建立的经济,需要劳动力、需要一种获取更多劳动力的方式,以及需要一套论证,说明为何某些人必须做这些工作而另一些人不必。三套制度恰好提供了这三项需要。
In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshalled Native American labour to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources. European traders partnered with some West African groups who practised slavery to forcibly extract enslaved laborers for the Americas, and the Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labour in plantation agriculture and mining. The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, Europeans, Africans and Native Americans.
在委托监护制之下,西班牙的殖民地经济调配美洲原住民的劳动力,以支撑以种植园为基础的农业,并开采贵金属与其他资源。 欧洲商人与一些实行奴隶制的西非群体合作,强行掳掠被奴役的劳工前往美洲,而西班牙人输入被奴役的非洲人,在种植园农业与采矿业中劳作。西班牙人发展出一套种姓制度,把欧洲人、非洲人与美洲原住民纳入其中,并细致地界定了他们的地位。