Explaining and Classifying Disorders · 障碍的解释与分类
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Distress/dɪˈstres/ | 消极压力 | xiāo jí yā lì |
| Dysfunction/dɪsˈfʌŋkʃn/ | 功能失调 | gōng néng shī tiáo |
| Deviation from the social norm/ˌdiːvɪˈeɪʃn frʌmðə ˈsəʊʃl nɔːm/ | 偏离社会规范 | piān lí shè huì guī fàn |
| eclectic approach/ɪˈklektɪk əˈprəʊtʃ/ | 折衷取向 | zhé zhōng qǔ xiàng |
| biopsychosocial model/baɪˈɒsaɪkəʊsəʊʃl ˈmɒdl/ | 生物心理社会模型 | shēng wù xīn lǐ shè huì mó xíng |
| diathesis-stress model/ˈdaɪəθəsɪs stres ˈmɒdl/ | 素质-压力模型 | sù zhì - yā lì mó xíng |
What makes a behaviour a disorder?
- Unusual is not the same as disordered, and distressing is not the same as either.
- The CED gives three factors used to identify a psychological disorder.
- Applying all three, rather than one, is what makes a judgement defensible.
什么使一种行为成为障碍?
- 不寻常不等于障碍,而令人痛苦又与两者都不相同。
- CED 给出了识别心理障碍所用的三项因素。
- 同时运用三项而非其中一项,才使判断站得住脚。
The three factors
- Dysfunction 功能失调 — the behaviour interferes with everyday functioning.
- Distress 消极压力 — the person experiences significant suffering.
- Deviation from the social norm 偏离社会规范 — the behaviour departs from what a society expects.
三项因素
- 功能失调(dysfunction)——该行为妨碍日常功能。
- 消极压力(distress)——当事人经历显著的痛苦。
- 偏离社会规范(deviation from the social norm)——该行为偏离某一社会的预期。
Which perspective explains it this way? · 哪种视角以此方式解释它？
Match each proposed cause to the perspective that offers it. · 将每个假设原因与提供该原因的观点匹配。
Select all · 所有 the factors the CED uses to identify a psychological disorder. · 选择CED用于识别心理障碍的所有因素。
All three are applied together; no single one is sufficient on its own. · 这三个因素需综合应用；单个因素不足以判定。
Deviating from a social norm is by itself enough to identify a disorder. · 偏离社会规范本身就足以识别为障碍。
Norms differ and change; the CED gives three factors so that no single one decides. · 规范存在差异且会变化；CED给出三个因素是为了避免单一标准决断。
What diagnosis does
- Classifying a disorder has both positive and negative consequences, depending on the case.
- It gives access to treatment and a shared vocabulary; it can also carry stigma.
- Diagnosis requires specialised training and evidence-based diagnostic tools.
诊断的作用
- 对障碍加以分类既有正面也有负面后果,视具体情况而定。
- 它带来治疗途径与共同的词汇;它也可能带来污名。
- 诊断需要专门训练与循证的诊断工具。
Deviation from a social norm alone never establishes a disorder. Norms differ between societies and change over time, so a behaviour that is merely unusual is not thereby disordered — the CED gives three factors precisely so that no single one decides.
单凭偏离社会规范绝不能确立一种障碍。规范因社会而异、随时代而变,因此仅仅不寻常的行为并不因此就是障碍——CED 给出三项因素,正是为了不让任何单一因素作出裁定。
An eclectic approach to diagnosis means the psychologist... · 诊断的折衷方法意味着心理学家……
Most psychologists combine perspectives rather than committing to one. · 大多数心理学家会综合多种视角，而非坚持某一种。
Seven perspectives, one behaviour
- Behavioural blames maladaptive learned associations; psychodynamic unconscious conflict; humanistic a lack of support and acceptance.
- Cognitive blames maladaptive thoughts; evolutionary, behaviours once adaptive; sociocultural, social and cultural conditions; biological, physiology or genetics.
- Most psychologists use an eclectic approach 折衷取向 — more than one perspective at once.
七种视角,同一种行为
- 行为主义归因于习得的不良联结;精神动力学归因于无意识冲突;人本主义归因于支持与接纳的缺失。
- 认知视角归因于不良的想法;进化视角归因于曾经具有适应性的行为;社会文化视角归因于社会与文化条件;生物学视角归因于生理或遗传。
- 多数心理学家采用折衷取向(eclectic approach)——同时使用不止一种视角。
The model proposing a genetic vulnerability triggered by a stressor is the -stress model. · 提出由压力源触发遗传易感性的模型是-压力模型。
The diathesis-stress model needs both the vulnerability and the trigger. · 素质-压力模型既需要易感性也需要触发因素。
Match each model to its assumption. · 将每种模型与其假设相匹配。
All three refuse to explain a disorder by a single cause. · 以上三种观点均拒绝用单一原因解释障碍。
Two interaction models
- The biopsychosocial model 生物心理社会模型 assumes any problem may involve biological, psychological and social factors together.
- The diathesis-stress model 素质-压力模型 assumes a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) that a stressor then triggers.
- Both refuse a single-cause explanation, which is why the CED presents them last.
两种交互模型
- 生物心理社会模型(biopsychosocial model)假定任何问题都可能同时涉及生物、心理与社会因素。
- 素质-压力模型(diathesis-stress model)假定存在一种遗传易感性(素质),再由某个压力源将其触发。
- 两者都拒绝单一原因的解释,这正是 CED 把它们放在最后呈现的原因。
Someone works eighty hours a week. That deviates from the norm, but if there is no distress and no dysfunction, the CED's three factors do not identify a disorder. Change one factor — sleep collapses and relationships fail — and the judgement changes.
有人每周工作八十小时。这偏离了常规,但如果既无个人痛苦也无功能失调,CED 的三项因素并不指向某种障碍。改变其中一项——睡眠崩溃、关系破裂——判断就随之改变。
A disorder is identified by dysfunction, distress and deviation from the social norm together. Diagnosis has both positive and negative consequences and requires training. Seven perspectives each explain causes differently, most psychologists are eclectic, and the biopsychosocial and diathesis-stress models combine causes.
障碍由功能失调、个人痛苦与偏离社会规范三者共同识别。诊断既有正面也有负面后果,并需要专门训练。七种视角各以不同方式解释成因,多数心理学家采取折衷取向,而生物—心理—社会模型与素质—压力模型则把各种成因结合起来。