Emotion · 情绪
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Emotion/ɪˈməʊʃn/ | 情绪 | qíng xù |
| affect/əˈfekt/ | 情感 | qíng gǎn |
| James-Lange/dʒeɪmz lændʒ/ | 詹姆斯—兰格 | zhān mǔ sī — lán gé |
| Cannon-Bard/ˈkænən bɑːd/ | 坎农—巴德 | kǎn nóng — bā dé |
| Schachter-Singer/ˈʃætʃtə ˈsɪŋə/ | 沙赫特—辛格 | shā hè tè — xīn gé |
| cognitive label/ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv ˈleɪbl/ | 认知标签 | rèn zhī biāo qiān |
| Display rules/dɪˈspleɪ ruːlz/ | 表达规则 | biǎo dá guī zé |
| broaden-and-build theory/ˈbrɔːdn ænd bɪld ˈθɪəri/ | 拓展-建构理论 | tuò zhǎn - jiàn gòu lǐ lùn |
| Elicitors/ɪˈlɪsɪtəz/ | 诱发因素 | yòu fā yīn sù |
Does your heart race because you are afraid, or the reverse?
- An emotion has a bodily side and a mental side, and they arrive almost together.
- The theories differ on which comes first, and whether one causes the other.
- The order is what the exam asks about.
是因为害怕才心跳加速,还是反过来?
- 情绪既有身体的一面,也有心理的一面,而两者几乎同时到来。
- 各种理论的分歧在于哪一个先出现,以及是否一个引起另一个。
- 考试问的正是这个顺序。
What an emotion is
- Emotion 情绪, or affect 情感, is a complex process distinguished from reasoning or knowledge.
- It has physiological, cognitive and behavioural components.
- That is why a purely bodily account and a purely cognitive account are both incomplete.
情绪是什么
- 情绪(emotion),或称情感(affect),是一个区别于推理或知识的复杂过程。
- 它包含生理、认知与行为三个成分。
- 这正是纯生理解释与纯认知解释都不完整的原因。
Select all · 所有 the components of an emotion the CED names. · 选择CED命名的所有情绪成分。
There is no grammatical component of emotion. · 情绪没有语法成分。
Theories of emotion
- James-Lange 詹姆斯—兰格 says the bodily response comes first and the emotion is our reading of it.
- Cannon-Bard 坎农—巴德 says body and emotion occur simultaneously, neither causing the other.
- Schachter-Singer 沙赫特—辛格 two-factor theory says arousal plus a cognitive label 认知标签 produces the emotion.
情绪理论
- 詹姆斯—兰格(James-Lange)理论认为身体反应先出现,而情绪是我们对它的解读。
- 坎农—巴德(Cannon-Bard)理论认为身体与情绪同时发生,互不引起。
- 沙赫特—辛格(Schachter-Singer)双因素理论认为唤醒加上一个认知标签(cognitive label)才产生情绪。
Which theory of emotion? · 哪种情绪理论？
Sort each claim by the theory that makes it. · 按提出该主张的理论对每个说法进行分类。
Two-factor theory says an emotion requires... · 二因素理论认为情绪需要……
The same · 相同 arousal produces different emotions depending on how it is labelled. · 同样的唤醒根据被赋予的不同标签会产生不同的情绪。
James-Lange theory says the emotion comes first and produces the bodily response. · 詹姆斯-兰格理论认为情绪先产生并引发生理反应。
It says the bodily response comes first and the emotion is our reading of it. · 它认为生理反应先发生，情绪是我们对其的解读。
Do not say a culture "feels" emotions differently when the evidence is about display rules. Display rules govern when an emotion may be shown, which is a claim about expression, not about the feeling itself.
当证据涉及的是表达规则时,不要说某种文化"感受"情绪的方式不同。表达规则规定的是情绪何时可以被表现出来,这是关于表达的论断,而不是关于感受本身。
Match each theory to its ordering of body and emotion. · 将每种理论与其身体和情绪的排序匹配。
Two theories order body and feeling; the third explains what positive emotion does. · 两种理论排列身体与感受的顺序；第三种解释积极情绪的作用。
Broaden-and-build
- The broaden-and-build theory 拓展-建构理论 concerns positive emotions specifically.
- Positive emotional experiences tend to broaden awareness and encourage exploration.
- Over time that builds durable personal resources — the "build" half of the name.
扩展—建构理论
- 拓展-建构理论(broaden-and-build theory)专门讨论积极情绪。
- 积极的情绪体验倾向于扩展觉察并鼓励探索。
- 随时间推移,这会积累起持久的个人资源——这就是名称中"建构"那一半的含义。
Cultural rules governing when an emotion may be shown are called ____ rules. · 规定何时可以表达情绪的文化规则称为____规则。
Display rules govern expression, not the feeling itself. · 表情规则规范的是表达，而非感受本身。
Expression across cultures
- Research has explored whether emotional expression is universal; some expressions appear widely shared.
- Display rules 表达规则 govern when an emotion may be shown, and they differ between cultures.
- Elicitors 诱发因素 — what triggers an emotion — also differ, which is why a universal expression can still appear at different moments.
跨文化的情绪表达
- 研究探讨了情绪表达是否具有普遍性;某些表情看来广泛共有。
- 表达规则(display rules)规定情绪何时可以被表现出来,而它们因文化而异。
- 诱发因素(elicitors)——引发情绪的事物——同样各不相同,这正是普遍的表情仍可能出现在不同时刻的原因。
Participants injected with adrenaline reported feeling angry or amused depending on how the person beside them behaved. The arousal was identical; the cognitive label differed — which is exactly what two-factor theory predicts.
被注射肾上腺素的被试,会因身旁的人表现如何而报告自己感到愤怒或愉快。唤醒完全相同;不同的是认知标签——这正是双因素理论所预测的。
Emotion has physiological, cognitive and behavioural components. James-Lange puts the body first, Cannon-Bard makes them simultaneous, and Schachter-Singer adds a cognitive label to arousal. Broaden-and-build explains positive emotion, and display rules and elicitors differ by culture.
情绪包含生理、认知与行为三个成分。詹姆斯—兰格把身体放在前面,坎农—巴德认为两者同时发生,而沙赫特—辛格在唤醒之上加了一个认知标签。扩展—建构理论解释积极情绪,而表达规则与诱发因素因文化而异。