Motivation · 动机
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Drive-reduction theory/draɪv rɪˈdʌkʃn ˈθɪəri/ | 驱力减少理论 | qū lì jiǎn shǎo lǐ lùn |
| Arousal theory/əˈraʊzl ˈθɪəri/ | 唤醒理论 | huàn xǐng lǐ lùn |
| intrinsic/ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk/ | 内在 | nèi zài |
| extrinsic/ekˈstrɪnsɪk/ | 外在 | wài zài |
| Self-determination theory/self dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃn ˈθɪəri/ | 自我决定理论 | zì wǒ jué dìng lǐ lùn |
| Lewin's motivational conflicts theory/ˈluːɪnz ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃənl ˈkɒnflɪkts ˈθɪəri/ | 勒温动机冲突理论 | lēi wēn dòng jī chōng tū lǐ lùn |
| approach-avoidance/əˈprəʊtʃ əˈvɔɪdəns/ | 趋避冲突 | qū bì chōng tū |
| Sensation-seeking theory/senˈseɪʃn ˈsiːkɪŋ ˈθɪəri/ | 感觉寻求理论 | gǎn jué xún qiú lǐ lùn |
| Belongingness/bɪˈlɒŋɪŋnəs/ | 归属需要 | guī shǔ xū yào |
Paying someone to do what they already enjoy can make them stop
- Rewards do not simply add motivation — sometimes they replace it.
- That means motivation is not one quantity that goes up and down.
- The theories in this topic each explain a different kind of wanting.
为一个人本就喜欢做的事付钱,可能让他不再去做
- 奖励并不只是增加动机——有时它会取代动机。
- 这意味着动机不是一个上下起伏的单一量。
- 本节的各种理论,各自解释了一种不同的"想要"。
Needs and arousal
- Drive-reduction theory 驱力减少理论 says behaviour serves to restore a physical need to balance.
- Arousal theory 唤醒理论 says people seek an optimal level of stimulation, not the lowest.
- That is why boredom motivates action just as hunger does.
需要与唤醒
- 驱力减少理论(drive-reduction theory)认为行为的作用是使某种生理需要恢复平衡。
- 唤醒理论(arousal theory)认为人们寻求的是最佳水平的刺激,而非最低水平。
- 这正是无聊与饥饿一样能促发行动的原因。
Arousal theory says people seek an ____ level of stimulation. · 唤醒理论认为人们寻求一种____水平的刺激。
Not the lowest — which is why boredom motivates action. · 不是最低水平——这就是为什么无聊会促使行动。
Intrinsic and extrinsic
- Self-determination theory 自我决定理论 distinguishes intrinsic 内在 motivation from extrinsic 外在 motivation.
- Intrinsic motivation comes from the activity itself; extrinsic from a separable outcome.
- Adding a reward to an intrinsically motivating task can reduce the intrinsic motivation — the overjustification effect.
内在与外在
- 自我决定理论(self-determination theory)区分内在(intrinsic)动机与外在(extrinsic)动机。
- 内在动机来自活动本身;外在动机来自可分离的结果。
- 对本有内在动机的任务加上奖励,可能降低内在动机——这就是过度理由效应。
Which motivation theory? · 哪种动机理论？
Sort each explanation by the theory it comes from. · 按理论来源对每个解释进行分类。
Rewarding someone for an activity they already enjoy can... · 奖励某人从事他们本来喜欢的活动可能会……
The reward can replace intrinsic motivation with an extrinsic one, which then stops. · 奖励可以用外在动机取代内在动机，随后这种内在动机会停止。
Match each motivation to its type. · 将每种动机与其类型匹配。
The source of the motive is what names it: the activity, an outcome, or a need. · 动机的来源决定了它的名称：活动、结果或需求。
Arousal theory does not say people seek the least stimulation. It says they seek an optimal level — which is why an under-stimulated person will actively look for something to do. Drive reduction and arousal theory make different predictions here.
唤醒理论并不认为人们寻求最少的刺激。它认为人们寻求的是最佳水平——这正是刺激不足的人会主动找事做的原因。驱力减少理论与唤醒理论在这一点上作出的预测不同。
Select all · 所有 the conflict types Lewin's theory names. · 选择Lewin理论命名的所有冲突类型。
There is no "arousal-avoidance" conflict in the CED's list. · CED列表中不存在“唤-避冲突”。
Conflicts and sensation seeking
- Lewin's motivational conflicts theory 勒温动机冲突理论 says choices create conflicts to resolve.
- The named types are approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance and approach-avoidance 趋避冲突.
- Sensation-seeking theory 感觉寻求理论 says the need for varied or novel experience differs between people.
冲突与感觉寻求
- 勒温动机冲突理论(Lewin's motivational conflicts theory)认为选择造成需要解决的冲突。
- 被点名的类型有双趋冲突、双避冲突与趋避冲突(approach-avoidance)。
- 感觉寻求理论(sensation-seeking theory)认为对多样或新异经验的需要因人而异。
The CED treats belongingness as a motive in its own right. · CED将归属感视为一种独立的动机。
It is not a by-product of physical needs; it motivates behaviour directly. · 它不是生理需求的副产品；它直接驱动行为。
Eating and belonging
- Eating is a complex motivated behaviour where physical and mental processes interact.
- Hunger has physiological signals, but portion size, social setting and habit all change what is eaten.
- Belongingness 归属需要 is a motive in its own right, not a by-product of other needs.
进食与归属
- 进食是一种复杂的动机性行为,其中生理与心理过程相互作用。
- 饥饿有生理信号,但份量大小、社交场合与习惯都会改变实际进食的内容。
- 归属需要(belongingness)本身就是一种动机,而不是其他需要的副产品。
Children who enjoyed drawing were given a certificate for doing it. When the certificates stopped, they drew less than children who were never rewarded. The reward replaced the intrinsic motivation with an extrinsic one, and then it was withdrawn.
本来喜欢画画的孩子因画画而获得奖状。当奖状停止发放后,他们画得比从未获得奖励的孩子还少。奖励用外在动机取代了内在动机,而后这一外在动机又被撤走了。
Drive-reduction theory explains motives that restore balance; arousal theory explains seeking an optimal level of stimulation. Self-determination theory separates intrinsic from extrinsic motivation, Lewin's theory names three conflict types, and eating and belongingness are the CED's two worked motives.
驱力减少理论解释恢复平衡的动机;唤醒理论解释对最佳水平刺激的寻求。自我决定理论区分内在与外在动机,勒温的理论点出三种冲突类型,而进食与归属需要是 CED 详细展开的两种动机。