Social Situations · 社会情境
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Persuasion/pəˈsweɪʒn/ | 说服 | shuō fú |
| Social norms/ˈsəʊʃl nɔːmz/ | 社会规范 | shè huì guī fàn |
| roles/rəʊlz/ | 角色 | jué sè |
| Social influence theory/ˈsəʊʃl ˈɪnfluːəns ˈθɪəri/ | 社会影响理论 | shè huì yǐng xiǎng lǐ lùn |
| normative/ˈnɔːmətɪv/ | 规范性 | guī fàn xìng |
| informational/ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃənl/ | 信息性 | xìn xī xìng |
| Conformity/kənˈfɔːmɪti/ | 从众 | cóng zhòng |
| Obedience/əʊˈbiːdɪəns/ | 服从 | fú cóng |
| Group polarisation/ɡruːp ˌpəʊləraɪˈzeɪʃn/ | 群体极化 | qún tǐ jí huà |
| Social facilitation/ˈsəʊʃl fəˌsɪlɪˈteɪʃn/ | 社会助长 | shè huì zhù zhǎng |
| false consensus effect/fɒls kənˈsensəs ɪˈfekt/ | 虚假一致效应 | xū jiǎ yí zhì xiào yìng |
| Individualism/ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuːəlɪzəm/ | 个人主义 | gè rén zhǔ yì |
| collectivism/kəˈlektɪvɪzəm/ | 集体主义 | jí tǐ zhǔ yì |
| multiculturalism/ˌmʌltɪˈkʌltʃərəlɪzəm/ | 多元文化主义 | duō yuán wén huà zhǔ yì |
| Altruism/ˈɔːltruːɪzəm/ | 利他行为 | lì tā xíng wéi |
| bystander effect/ˈbaɪstændə ɪˈfekt/ | 旁观者效应 | páng guān zhě xiào yìng |
| superordinate goals/ˌsuːpəˈrɔːdɪnət ɡəʊlz/ | 超级目标 | chāo jí mù biāo |
The same person behaves differently in a crowd
- Personality does not change when someone joins a group; behaviour does.
- That gap is the subject of social psychology.
- The situation is a cause in its own right, not just a backdrop.
同一个人在人群中会有不同的表现
- 一个人加入群体时,人格并没有改变;改变的是行为。
- 这一落差正是社会心理学的主题。
- 情境本身就是一个原因,而不只是背景。
Norms, influence and persuasion
- Social norms 社会规范 define a society's expectations and roles 角色.
- Social influence theory 社会影响理论 distinguishes normative 规范性 pressure (to be accepted) from informational 信息性 pressure (to be correct).
- Persuasion 说服 is the set of techniques used to convince oneself or others.
规范、影响与说服
- 社会规范(social norms)界定一个社会的期待与角色(roles)。
- 社会影响理论(social influence theory)区分规范性(normative)压力(为了被接纳)与信息性(informational)压力(为了正确)。
- 说服(persuasion)是用来说服自己或他人的一整套技巧。
Select all · 所有 the kinds of social influence the CED distinguishes. · 选择CED区分的所有社会影响类型。
Transduction is a sensation term, not a form of social influence. · 传导是一种感觉术语，不是社会影响的类型。
Conformity and obedience
- Conformity 从众 is adjusting to an unspoken group standard; research clarifies the conditions that strengthen it.
- Obedience 服从 is complying with a direct instruction from an authority.
- The distinction is the source of pressure: a peer group for conformity, an authority figure for obedience.
从众与服从
- 从众(conformity)是向未言明的群体标准靠拢;研究阐明了强化它的各种条件。
- 服从(obedience)是听从权威的直接指令。
- 两者的区别在于压力的来源:从众来自同伴群体,服从来自权威人物。
Conformity, obedience, or a group effect? · 从众、服从，还是群体效应？
Sort each case by the social process it shows. · 根据所展示的社会进程对每个案例进行排序。
Obedience differs from conformity in that the pressure comes from... · 服从不同于从众之处在于压力来源于……
Conformity answers a group; obedience answers an authority. · 从众回应的是群体；服从回应的是权威。
Conformity and obedience are not synonyms. Conformity responds to a group's unspoken standard; obedience responds to an authority's direct instruction. Naming the wrong one changes which research the answer is about.
从众与服从不是同义词。从众回应的是群体未言明的标准;服从回应的是权威的直接指令。用错名称会改变答案所指的研究。
Group polarisation makes a group's average view more moderate after discussion. · 群体极化使群体在讨论后的平均观点变得更加极端。
It pushes the average further in the direction it already leaned, not toward the middle. · 它推动平均值向原本就倾向的方向进一步移动，而不是向中间靠拢。
What groups do to individuals
- Group polarisation 群体极化 pushes a group's average view further in the direction it already leaned.
- Social facilitation 社会助长 is improved performance when others watch — for well-learned tasks.
- The false consensus effect 虚假一致效应 is overestimating how many others agree with you.
群体对个体的作用
- 群体极化(group polarisation)把群体的平均观点朝它本已倾斜的方向推得更远。
- 社会助长(social facilitation)是他人在场观看时表现提升——对已熟练的任务而言。
- 虚假一致效应(false consensus effect)是高估有多少人赞同你。
The finding that more witnesses makes each less likely to help is the ____ effect. · 发现目击者越多，每个人出手相助的可能性就越低，这是____效应。
Situational and attentional variables, not character, predict whether someone helps. · 情境和注意变量，而非性格，预测了某人是否会提供帮助。
Match each term to what it describes. · 将每个术语与其描述的内容匹配。
The first two describe cultural orientation; the third is a way of reducing conflict between groups. · 前两个描述文化取向；第三个是减少群体间冲突的一种方式。
Culture and helping
- Individualism 个人主义, collectivism 集体主义 and multiculturalism 多元文化主义 shape how a person perceives and behaves in groups.
- Altruism 利他行为 is selfless behaviour, though some researchers argue prosocial acts carry internal rewards.
- The bystander effect 旁观者效应 shows that situational and attentional variables predict whether someone helps — superordinate goals 超级目标 unite separate groups.
文化与助人
- 个人主义(individualism)、集体主义(collectivism)与多元文化主义(multiculturalism)塑造着一个人在群体中如何知觉与行动。
- 利他行为(altruism)指无私的行为,尽管有研究者认为亲社会行为带有内在回报。
- 旁观者效应(bystander effect)表明情境与注意变量能预测一个人是否施以援手——而超级目标(superordinate goals)能把彼此分立的群体联合起来。
A person collapses on a busy street and no one helps; on an empty street a single passer-by helps immediately. The bystander effect predicts exactly this: more witnesses spread responsibility and make each person less likely to act.
有人在繁忙街道上倒下,却无人施救;而在空旷街道上,唯一的路人立刻上前帮忙。旁观者效应预测的正是这一点:目击者越多,责任越被分散,每个人采取行动的可能性反而越低。
Social norms and roles set expectations; influence is normative or informational. Conformity answers a group, obedience an authority. Group polarisation, social facilitation and the false consensus effect are group effects, and the bystander effect shows helping depends on the situation.
社会规范与角色设定期待;影响分为规范性与信息性。从众回应群体,服从回应权威。群体极化、社会助长与虚假一致效应是群体效应,而旁观者效应表明助人取决于情境。