Psychodynamic and Humanistic Personality · 精神动力学与人文主义人格
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Psychodynamic theory/ˌsaɪkəʊdaɪˈnæmɪk ˈθɪəri/ | 精神动力学理论 | jīng shén dòng lì xué lǐ lùn |
| unconscious processes/ʌnˈkɒnʃəs ˈprəʊsesɪz/ | 无意识过程 | wú yì shí guò chéng |
| Ego defense mechanisms/ˈiːɡəʊ dɪˈfens ˈmekənɪzəmz/ | 自我防御机制 | zì wǒ fáng yù jī zhì |
| denial/dɪˈnaɪəl/ | 否认 | fǒu rèn |
| displacement/dɪˈspleɪsmənt/ | 转移 | zhuǎn yí |
| projection/prəˈdʒekʃn/ | 投射 | tóu shè |
| rationalisation/ˌræʃənəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ | 合理化 | hé lǐ huà |
| reaction formation/rɪˈækʃn fɔːˈmeɪʃn/ | 反向形成 | fǎn xiàng xíng chéng |
| regression/rɪˈɡreʃn/ | 退行 | tuì xíng |
| repression/rɪˈpreʃn/ | 压抑 | yā yì |
| sublimation/ˌsʌblɪˈmeɪʃn/ | 升华 | shēng huá |
| projective tests/prəˈdʒektɪv tests/ | 投射测验 | tóu shè cè yàn |
| Humanistic psychology/ˌhjuːməˈnɪstɪk saɪˈkɒlədʒi/ | 人本主义心理学 | rén běn zhǔ yì xīn lǐ xué |
| unconditional positive regard/ʌŋkənˈdɪʃənl ˈpɒzɪtɪv rɪˈɡɑːd/ | 无条件积极关注 | wú tiáo jiàn jī jí guān zhù |
| self-actualising tendency/self ˈæktʃuːəlaɪzɪŋ ˈtendənsi/ | 自我实现倾向 | zì wǒ shí xiàn qīng xiàng |
Two theories that disagree about what a person is
- One says personality is driven by forces you cannot see and do not control.
- The other says it is driven by a tendency to become what you could be.
- Both are on the exam, and the contrast is what makes them memorable.
两种关于"人是什么"意见相左的理论
- 一种理论说,人格由你看不见也无法控制的力量驱动。
- 另一种说,它由一种"成为自己可能所是"的倾向所驱动。
- 两者都在考查范围内,而这一对照正是它们易于记住的原因。
The psychodynamic account
- Psychodynamic theory 精神动力学理论 holds that unconscious processes 无意识过程 drive personality.
- Behaviour is therefore explained by causes the person cannot report.
- That claim is what makes the theory hard to test — and why the CED pairs it with a method note.
精神动力学的解释
- 精神动力学理论(psychodynamic theory)认为无意识过程(unconscious processes)驱动人格。
- 因此,行为要用当事人无法报告的原因来解释。
- 正是这一主张使该理论难以检验——这也是 CED 为它配上方法说明的原因。
Psychodynamic theory holds that personality is driven mainly by... · 精神动力学理论认为人格主要由……驱动。
Unconscious processes are the core claim — which is also why the theory is hard to test. · 无意识过程是核心主张——这也是该理论难以验证的原因。
Ego defense mechanisms
- Ego defense mechanisms 自我防御机制 protect the person from distress.
- The CED names denial 否认, displacement 转移, projection 投射, rationalisation 合理化, reaction formation 反向形成, regression 退行, repression 压抑 and sublimation 升华.
- Each one distorts reality in a different direction — that direction is what identifies it.
自我防御机制
- 自我防御机制(ego defense mechanisms)保护个体免于痛苦。
- CED 点名了否认(denial)、转移(displacement)、投射(projection)、合理化(rationalisation)、反向形成(reaction formation)、退行(regression)、压抑(repression)与升华(sublimation)。
- 每一种都以不同方向扭曲现实——而正是这个方向使它得以被辨认。
Which defense mechanism? · 哪种防御机制？
Identify the mechanism from the direction the distortion runs. · 根据扭曲的方向识别该机制。
Projection means redirecting a feeling onto a safer target. · 投射意味着将某种情感转移到一个更安全的对象上。
That is displacement · 位移. Projection attributes your own feeling to someone else. · 那是置换。投射是将自己的情感归因于他人。
Select all · 所有 the defense mechanisms the CED names. · 选择CED命名的所有防御机制。
Shaping is an operant conditioning term, not a defense mechanism. · 塑造是一个操作性条件反射术语，不是防御机制。
Projection and displacement are easy to confuse. Projection attributes your own feeling to someone else; displacement redirects the feeling onto a different target. The direction of the distortion is what tells them apart.
投射与置换容易混淆。投射是把你自己的感受归到他人身上;置换是把感受转向另一个对象。区分两者的正是扭曲的方向。
Projective tests
- Psychodynamic psychologists assess personality with projective tests 投射测验.
- These present an ambiguous stimulus and treat the response as revealing the unconscious.
- Because the stimulus is ambiguous, scoring is difficult — which is the standard criticism.
投射测验
- 精神动力学心理学家用投射测验(projective tests)评估人格。
- 这类测验呈现一个含混的刺激,并把回应视为无意识的显露。
- 正因刺激含混,评分十分困难——这也是通常的批评所在。
The humanistic tendency to grow toward one's potential is called the self-____ tendency. · 人文主义倾向于成长以实现自身潜能，这被称为自我____倾向。
Self-actualisation · 自我实现 and unconditional positive regard are the humanistic pair. · 自我实现与无条件积极关注是人文主义的配对概念。
Match each theory to how it explains personality. · 将每种理论与其解释人格的方式匹配。
One looks beneath, one looks ahead, and the third is the psychodynamic measurement tool. · 一个向内看，一个向前看，第三个是精神动力学的测量工具。
The humanistic account
- Humanistic psychology 人本主义心理学 focuses on unconditional positive regard 无条件积极关注 and the self-actualising tendency 自我实现倾向.
- Personality is what a person is growing toward, not what is buried underneath.
- The two theories therefore explain the same behaviour by looking in opposite directions.
人本主义的解释
- 人本主义心理学(humanistic psychology)关注无条件积极关注(unconditional positive regard)与自我实现倾向(self-actualising tendency)。
- 人格是一个人正在成为的东西,而不是埋藏在底下的东西。
- 因此这两种理论在解释同一行为时,朝的是相反的方向看。
A student angry at a teacher shouts at a sibling instead — displacement, the same feeling aimed at a safer target. Had he instead insisted the teacher was angry at him, that would be projection.
一名学生对老师生气,却冲弟妹发火——这是置换,同样的感受被指向更安全的对象。若他反过来坚称是老师在生他的气,那就是投射。
Psychodynamic theory explains personality by unconscious processes, protected by ego defense mechanisms and assessed with projective tests. Humanistic psychology explains it by unconditional positive regard and the self-actualising tendency — the same behaviour, looked at from the opposite direction.
精神动力学理论以无意识过程解释人格,这些过程由自我防御机制保护,并用投射测验加以评估。人本主义心理学则以无条件积极关注与自我实现倾向来解释——同样的行为,从相反的方向来看。