Attitudes and Attitude Change · 态度与态度改变
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| stereotype/ˈsterɪəʊtaɪp/ | 刻板印象 | kè bǎn yìn xiàng |
| prejudice/ˈpredʒuːdɪs/ | 偏见 | piān jiàn |
| discrimination/dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/ | 歧视 | qí shì |
| Implicit attitudes/ɪmˈplɪsɪt ˈætɪtjuːdz/ | 内隐态度 | nèi yǐn tài dù |
| Belief perseverance/bɪˈliːf ˌpɜːsɪˈvɪərəns/ | 信念固着 | xìn niàn gù zhuó |
| confirmation bias/kɒnfəˈmeɪʃn ˈbaɪəs/ | 确认偏差 | què rèn piān chā |
| Cognitive dissonance/ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv ˈdɪsənəns/ | 认知失调 | rèn zhī shī tiáo |
Acting against your own belief is uncomfortable
- People do not simply hold attitudes — they defend them, and adjust them under pressure.
- The discomfort of a mismatch is itself a force that changes attitudes.
- This topic names the mechanisms of both stability and change.
做出与自己信念相悖的事会让人不适
- 人们并不只是持有态度——他们会捍卫态度,并在压力下调整态度。
- 不一致所带来的不适本身,就是一种改变态度的力量。
- 本节列出稳定与改变两方面的机制。
Stereotypes
- A stereotype 刻板印象 is a generalised concept about a group.
- The CED notes that stereotypes can reduce cognitive load when making decisions — that is why they persist.
- They also produce prejudice 偏见 (an attitude) and discrimination 歧视 (a behaviour).
刻板印象
- 刻板印象(stereotype)是关于某一群体的概括性概念。
- CED 指出,刻板印象在作决定时可以减轻认知负荷——这正是它们得以延续的原因。
- 它们也造成偏见(prejudice,一种态度)与歧视(discrimination,一种行为)。
Prejudice and discrimination mean the same thing. · 偏见与歧视是同一回事。
Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is a behaviour. They often co-occur but are separable. · 偏见是态度;歧视是行为。两者常常相伴,但可以分开。
Implicit attitudes
- Implicit attitudes 内隐态度 are held without the person being aware of them or acknowledging them.
- Because they are not conscious, they cannot be measured by simply asking.
- That is precisely why they matter: behaviour can follow an attitude a person sincerely denies holding.
内隐态度
- 内隐态度(implicit attitudes)是人们持有却未意识到、或不予承认的态度。
- 由于它们并非有意识的,不能仅靠询问来测量。
- 而这恰恰是它们之所以重要的原因:行为可能遵循一种此人真诚否认持有的态度。
Change an attitude, or fail to · 改变一个态度,或者失败
The route the persuasion takes decides how durable the attitude change is. · 说服所走的路径,决定了态度改变的持久程度。
Select all · 所有 that are true of implicit attitudes. · 选出关于内隐态度为真的所有项。
If they were deliberate they would not be implicit. · 如果是有意为之,它们就不是内隐的了。
Prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is a behaviour. The two often go together but they are separable, and the CED tests the distinction — an answer that uses them interchangeably has lost the point.
偏见是态度,歧视是行为。两者常常相伴,但它们是可以分开的,而 CED 会考查这一区分——把两者混用的答案就失掉了要点。
Noticing evidence that fits your belief and discounting evidence that does not is ____ bias. · 注意到符合自己信念的证据、而对不符合的打折扣,这是 ____ 偏差。
Confirmation bias is how belief perseverance is maintained in practice. · 确认偏差正是信念固着在实践中得以维持的方式。
Match each term to what it does to an attitude. · 把每个术语与它对态度所起的作用配对。
One holds an attitude in place, one moves it, and one supplies it. · 一个把态度固定住,一个推动它移动,一个提供态度本身。
Belief perseverance
- Belief perseverance 信念固着 is a belief persisting even when the evidence says it is wrong.
- People experience confirmation bias 确认偏差 — noticing evidence that fits and discounting evidence that does not.
- The belief is not defended by argument so much as protected by attention.
信念固着
- 信念固着(belief perseverance)是指信念在证据表明其错误时仍然持续。
- 人们会经历确认偏差(confirmation bias)——注意到符合的证据,而对不符合的证据打折扣。
- 这一信念与其说是被论证所捍卫,不如说是被注意力所保护。
Cognitive dissonance most often changes... · 认知失调最常改变的是……
The action is fixed, so the attitude moves to remove the discomfort. · 行动已成定局,于是态度发生移动以消除不适。
Cognitive dissonance
- Cognitive dissonance 认知失调 is the mental discomfort when actions and attitudes conflict.
- People reduce it by changing the attitude, since the action has already happened.
- That is why doing something can change what you believe — the causal arrow runs backwards from the usual assumption.
认知失调
- 认知失调(cognitive dissonance)是行动与态度冲突时的心理不适。
- 人们通过改变态度来减轻它,因为行动已经发生。
- 这正是"做某事能改变你的信念"的原因——因果箭头与通常的假设方向相反。
Participants who were paid a very small amount to say a dull task was interesting later reported actually enjoying it. Those who were paid a large amount did not. With no external justification, the only way to remove the dissonance was to change the attitude.
那些因报酬极低而声称无聊任务有趣的人，后来报告自己确实享受其中。而那些获得高额报酬的人则没有。在没有外部理由的情况下，消除认知失调的唯一方法是改变态度。
Stereotypes reduce cognitive load and produce prejudice (attitude) and discrimination (behaviour). Implicit attitudes operate without awareness. Belief perseverance and confirmation bias keep attitudes stable, while cognitive dissonance changes them by making a mismatch uncomfortable.
刻板印象减轻认知负荷,并造成偏见(态度)与歧视(行为)。内隐态度在无意识中运作。信念固着与确认偏差使态度保持稳定,而认知失调通过使不一致令人不适来改变态度。