Attribution and Person Perception · 归因与人际知觉
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Attribution/ətrɪˈbjuːʃn/ | 归因 | guī yīn |
| dispositional attribution/ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃənl ətrɪˈbjuːʃn/ | 内在归因 | nèi zài guī yīn |
| situational attribution/ˌsɪtʃuːˈeɪʃənl ətrɪˈbjuːʃn/ | 情境归因 | qíng jìng guī yīn |
| fundamental attribution error/ˌfʌndəˈmentl ətrɪˈbjuːʃn ˈerə/ | 基本归因错误 | jī běn guī yīn cuò wù |
| Actor-observer bias/ˈæktə ɒbˈzɜːvə ˈbaɪəs/ | 行动者-观察者偏差 | xíng dòng zhě - guān chá zhě piān chā |
| Self-serving bias/self ˈsɜːvɪŋ ˈbaɪəs/ | 自利偏差 | zì lì piān chā |
| Explanatory style/ekˈsplænətəri staɪl/ | 解释风格 | jiě shì fēng gé |
| Locus of control/ˈləʊkəs ɒv kənˈtrəʊl/ | 控制点 | kòng zhì diǎn |
| internal/ɪnˈtɜːnl/ | 内控 | nèi kòng |
| external/ekˈstɜːnl/ | 外控 | wài kòng |
| mere exposure effect/mɪə ekˈspəʊʒə ɪˈfekt/ | 单纯曝光效应 | dān chún bào guāng xiào yìng |
| self-fulfilling prophecy/self fʊlˈfɪlɪŋ ˈprɒfəsi/ | 自我实现预言 | zì wǒ shí xiàn yù yán |
| Social comparison/ˈsəʊʃl kəmˈpærɪsn/ | 社会比较 | shè huì bǐ jiào |
When you are late it is the traffic; when they are late they are careless
- The same behaviour gets two different explanations depending on whose it is.
- That asymmetry is not random — it is predictable and has a name.
- Attribution 归因 is how people explain behaviour, their own and others'.
你迟到是因为堵车;他们迟到是因为不上心
- 同样的行为,因是谁做的而得到两种不同的解释。
- 这种不对称不是随机的——它可以预测,而且有名字。
- 归因(attribution)就是人们解释行为的方式,既包括他人的,也包括自己的。
Two places to put the cause
- A dispositional attribution 内在归因 places the cause in the person — their character or ability.
- A situational attribution 情境归因 places it in the circumstances.
- Every explanation of behaviour lands in one of these two, which is why the pair is worth memorising.
把原因放在两处之一
- 内在归因(dispositional attribution)把原因放在人身上——其性格或能力。
- 情境归因(situational attribution)把原因放在环境上。
- 对行为的每一种解释都落在这两者之一,这正是这一对值得记住的原因。
Predictable biases
- The fundamental attribution error 基本归因错误 over-uses dispositional causes for other people's behaviour.
- Actor-observer bias 行动者-观察者偏差 is the asymmetry: situational for yourself, dispositional for others.
- Self-serving bias 自利偏差 credits success to yourself and blames failure on circumstances.
可预测的偏差
- 基本归因错误(fundamental attribution error)在解释他人行为时过度使用内在原因。
- 行动者-观察者偏差(actor-observer bias)就是那种不对称:对自己用情境归因,对他人用内在归因。
- 自利偏差(self-serving bias)把成功归于自己,把失败归于环境。
Dispositional, situational, or a bias? · 特质归因、情境归因，还是某种偏差？
Sort each explanation by what it does. · 根据各解释的功能对其排序。
The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to... · 基本归因错误是指倾向于……
It applies specifically to others' behaviour; the self half is actor-observer bias. · 它特指针对他人的行为；针对自我的部分则称为行动者-观察者偏差。
Select all · 所有 the attribution biases the CED names. · 选择CED指出的所有归因偏差。
The spacing effect is a memory finding, not an attribution bias. · 分散效应是一个记忆发现，而非归因偏差。
The fundamental attribution error is specifically about explaining other people's behaviour. Applying it to your own is the other half of actor-observer bias. The exam distinguishes them, so name whose behaviour is being explained.
基本归因错误特指解释他人行为时的偏差。把它用在自己身上,那是行动者—观察者偏差的另一半。考试会区分两者,因此要点明被解释的是谁的行为。
Seeing outcomes as caused by your own actions is an ____ locus of control. · 将结果视为由自身行动引起，这是一种____控制点。
Internal locus attributes outcomes to your own actions; external to outside forces. · 内控归因将结果归因于自身行动；外控归因则归因于外部力量。
Explanatory style and locus of control
- Explanatory style 解释风格 is a person's habitual pattern of attribution — optimistic or pessimistic.
- Locus of control 控制点 is whether you see outcomes as caused by your own actions (internal 内控) or by outside forces (external 外控).
- Both are stable tendencies, not one-off judgements.
解释风格与控制点
- 解释风格(explanatory style)是一个人惯常的归因模式——乐观的或悲观的。
- 控制点(locus of control)是指你把结果看作由自己的行动造成(内控,internal),还是由外部力量造成(外控,external)。
- 两者都是稳定的倾向,而不是一次性的判断。
The mere exposure effect means repeated exposure alone can increase liking. · 单纯曝光效应意味着仅凭重复接触就能增加喜爱程度。
No argument or reward is needed — familiarity itself does the work. · 无需任何论点或奖励——熟悉感本身即起作用。
Match each person-perception effect to what produces it. · 将每种人际知觉效应与其产生机制匹配。
Familiarity, expectation and comparison each shape perception in a different way. · 熟悉感、期望和比较以不同方式塑造感知。
How we form impressions
- The mere exposure effect 单纯曝光效应 means repeated exposure alone increases liking.
- A self-fulfilling prophecy 自我实现预言 occurs when your belief about someone draws out the behaviour you expected.
- Social comparison 社会比较 is evaluating yourself against others rather than against a standard.
我们如何形成印象
- 单纯曝光效应(mere exposure effect)意味着单是反复接触就会增加喜爱。
- 自我实现预言(self-fulfilling prophecy)出现在你对某人的信念引出了你所预期的行为时。
- 社会比较(social comparison)是拿自己与他人而非与某个标准相比较。
A teacher told that certain students are "about to bloom" treats them differently, and those students improve — though the names were chosen at random. The belief produced the outcome: a self-fulfilling prophecy.
一位老师被告知某些学生"即将进步",于是对他们区别对待,而这些学生确实进步了——尽管名单是随机挑选的。信念产生了结果:这就是自我实现预言。
Attributions are dispositional or situational. The fundamental attribution error, actor-observer bias and self-serving bias are the predictable distortions. Explanatory style and locus of control are stable patterns, and mere exposure, self-fulfilling prophecy and social comparison shape how we see others.
归因分为内在与情境两类。基本归因错误、行动者—观察者偏差与自利偏差是可预测的扭曲。解释风格与控制点是稳定的模式,而单纯曝光效应、自我实现预言与社会比较塑造着我们如何看待他人。