Observational and Cognitive Learning · 观察学习与认知学习
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Social learning theory/ˈsəʊʃl ˈlɜːnɪŋ ˈθɪəri/ | 社会学习理论 | shè huì xué xí lǐ lùn |
| observation/ɒbzəˈveɪʃn/ | 观察 | guān chá |
| Modelling/ˈmɒdəlɪŋ/ | 示范 | shì fàn |
| model/ˈmɒdl/ | 榜样 | bǎng yàng |
| Vicarious reinforcement/vɪˈkeərɪəs ˌriːɪnˈfɔːsmənt/ | 替代强化 | tì dài qiáng huà |
| Insight learning/ˈɪnsaɪt ˈlɜːnɪŋ/ | 顿悟学习 | dùn wù xué xí |
| Latent learning/ˈleɪtənt ˈlɜːnɪŋ/ | 潜伏学习 | qián fú xué xí |
You can learn something you never did and were never rewarded for
- Neither classical nor operant conditioning explains learning without doing.
- Yet people plainly learn by watching, and by thinking.
- This topic adds the two routes conditioning leaves out.
你可以学会一件你从未做过、也从未因此得到奖励的事
- 经典条件作用与操作性条件作用都无法解释"不做而学会"。
- 然而人们显然会通过观看、通过思考而学习。
- 本节补上了条件作用所遗漏的这两条途径。
Social learning theory
- Social learning theory 社会学习理论 proposes that learning occurs by observation 观察 and need not involve personal experience.
- Modelling 示范 is the process; a model 榜样 is the person observed.
- Vicarious reinforcement 替代强化 means seeing someone else rewarded changes your own behaviour.
社会学习理论
- 社会学习理论(social learning theory)提出,学习可以通过观察(observation)发生,不必涉及亲身经验。
- 示范(modelling)是这一过程;榜样(model)是被观察的人。
- 替代强化(vicarious reinforcement)意味着看到他人受到奖励会改变你自己的行为。
Changing your behaviour after seeing someone else rewarded is called... · 在看到他人受到奖励后改变自己的行为,这称为……
Vicarious reinforcement works through observation, not personal consequence. · 替代强化通过观察起作用,而非通过亲身经历的结果。
Select all · 所有 that belong to social learning theory. · 选出属于社会学习理论的所有项。
The Law of Effect belongs to operant conditioning. · 效果律属于操作性条件作用。
Insight learning
- Insight learning 顿悟学习 is a solution arriving without association, consequence or a model.
- It appears suddenly and completely, not by gradual improvement.
- Its existence is a problem for any theory that says all learning is built up trial by trial.
顿悟学习
- 顿悟学习(insight learning)是在没有联结、结果或榜样的情况下到来的解决办法。
- 它突然而完整地出现,不是逐步改善的结果。
- 它的存在,对任何主张一切学习都靠一次次试误累积而成的理论都构成难题。
Insight learning is a gradual improvement built up by trial and error. · 顿悟学习是通过试误逐步累积起来的改善。
It arrives suddenly and completely, without association, consequence or a model. · 它是突然而完整地到来的,不涉及联结、结果或榜样。
Latent learning is not slow learning. The learning already happened; what was missing was a reason to show it. An answer that describes it as gradual has described something else.
潜伏学习不是学得慢。学习早已发生;缺的只是表现它的理由。把它描述为逐步进行的答案,描述的是另一回事。
Learning that happens without reinforcement and is not immediately visible is ____ learning. · 在没有强化的情况下发生、且不会立即显现的学习,称为 ____ 学习。
Latent learning already happened; it appears once there is a reason to use it. · 潜伏学习早已发生;它在有理由用到它时才显现。
Latent learning
- Latent learning 潜伏学习 occurs without reinforcement and is not immediately visible.
- It shows up later, once there is a reason to use it.
- The classic evidence: rats that had explored a maze unrewarded ran it well the moment a reward appeared.
潜伏学习
- 潜伏学习(latent learning)在没有强化的情况下发生,且不会立即显现。
- 它在后来、一旦有理由用到它时才表现出来。
- 经典证据是:未获奖励而探索过迷宫的老鼠,在奖励出现的那一刻就跑得很好。
Learn by watching, in four conditions · 通过观察学习的四个条件
Observational learning needs all four steps — a learner can attend and remember and still not perform. · 观察学习需要全部四个步骤——学习者可能注意到并记住了,却仍然不去做。
Match each signature to its kind of learning. · 把每种标志与其学习类型配对。
Each kind of learning has one signature; identify the signature and the label follows. · 每种学习都有一个标志;认出标志,名称随之而定。
Telling the routes apart
- Two stimuli paired → classical. A behaviour and its consequence → operant.
- Watching someone else → observational. A sudden complete solution → insight.
- Knowledge acquired quietly and revealed later → latent.
区分这几条途径
- 两个刺激配对 → 经典条件作用。行为与其结果 → 操作性条件作用。
- 观看他人 → 观察学习。突然而完整的解决办法 → 顿悟。
- 悄然获得、后来才显露的知识 → 潜伏学习。
A student who has watched an older sibling cook for years makes a dish correctly on the first attempt. No practice, no reward, no trial and error — observational learning supplied what conditioning cannot.
一个多年看着哥哥姐姐做饭的学生,第一次动手就把一道菜做对了。没有练习,没有奖励,也没有试误——观察学习提供了条件作用所无法提供的东西。
Social learning theory adds learning by observation, with modelling and vicarious reinforcement. Insight learning arrives suddenly without association or consequence, and latent learning happens without reinforcement and appears only when there is a reason to use it.
社会学习理论补上了通过观察进行的学习,并带来示范与替代强化。顿悟学习在没有联结或结果的情况下突然到来,而潜伏学习在没有强化的情况下发生,只在有理由用到它时才显现。