Classical Conditioning · 经典条件作用
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| unconditioned stimulus/ʌŋkənˈdɪʃnd ˈstɪmjʊləs/ | 无条件刺激 | wú tiáo jiàn cì jī |
| unconditioned response/ʌŋkənˈdɪʃnd rɪˈspɒns/ | 无条件反应 | wú tiáo jiàn fǎn yìng |
| neutral stimulus/ˈnjuːtrəl ˈstɪmjʊləs/ | 中性刺激 | zhōng xìng cì jī |
| conditioned stimulus/kənˈdɪʃnd ˈstɪmjʊləs/ | 条件刺激 | tiáo jiàn cì jī |
| conditioned response/kənˈdɪʃnd rɪˈspɒns/ | 条件反应 | tiáo jiàn fǎn yìng |
| Acquisition/əkwɪˈsɪʃn/ | 习得 | xí dé |
| Extinction/ekˈstɪŋkʃn/ | 消退 | xiāo tuì |
| spontaneous recovery/spɒnˈteɪnɪəs rɪˈkʌvəri/ | 自发恢复 | zì fā huī fù |
| Generalisation/ˌdʒenərəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ | 泛化 | fàn huà |
| discrimination/dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/ | 歧视 | qí shì |
| Habituation/ˌhæbɪtʃuːˈeɪʃn/ | 习惯化 | xí guàn huà |
| phobias/ˈfəʊbɪəz/ | 恐惧症 | kǒng jù zhèng |
| Taste aversions/teɪst əˈvɜːʃnz/ | 味觉厌恶 | wèi jué yàn wù |
| one-trial conditioning/wʌn ˈtraɪəl kənˈdɪʃənɪŋ/ | 一次试验条件作用 | yī cì shì yàn tiáo jiàn zuò yòng |
| biological preparedness/ˌbaɪəˈlɒdʒɪkl prɪˈpeədnəs/ | 生物预备性 | shēng wù yù bèi xìng |
A sound that makes your mouth water
- A bell means nothing until it reliably precedes food.
- After enough pairings, the bell alone produces the response.
- Nothing was rewarded and nothing was chosen — this is learning by association.
一个让你流口水的声音
- 在铃声可靠地先于食物出现之前,它什么也不意味着。
- 配对足够多次之后,单是铃声就能引发反应。
- 没有奖励,也没有选择——这是通过联结进行的学习。
The four terms
- The unconditioned stimulus 无条件刺激 (UCS) naturally produces the unconditioned response 无条件反应 (UCR).
- A neutral stimulus 中性刺激 paired with it becomes the conditioned stimulus 条件刺激 (CS).
- The conditioned response 条件反应 (CR) is what the CS now produces on its own.
四个术语
- 无条件刺激(unconditioned stimulus,UCS)自然地引发无条件反应(unconditioned response,UCR)。
- 与之配对的中性刺激(neutral stimulus)成为条件刺激(conditioned stimulus,CS)。
- 条件反应(conditioned response,CR)是条件刺激如今单独引发的反应。
Condition a response in three stages · 分三个阶段建立一个条件反应
NS and CS are the same stimulus at different times, and so are UR and CR. Identify the US first. · 中性刺激与条件刺激是同一刺激在不同阶段,无条件反应与条件反应也是。先找出无条件刺激。
In Pavlov's study, the bell after conditioning is the... · 在巴甫洛夫的研究中,条件作用之后的铃声是……
The bell started neutral · 中性 and became the CS; salivation to it is the CR. · 铃声起初是中性的,后来成为条件刺激;对它的唾液分泌则是条件反应。
What happens to a conditioned response
- Acquisition 习得 builds the association through repeated pairing.
- Extinction 消退 weakens it when the CS appears without the UCS; spontaneous recovery 自发恢复 brings it partly back later.
- Generalisation 泛化 spreads the response to similar stimuli; discrimination 歧视 narrows it back.
条件反应会发生什么
- 习得(acquisition)通过反复配对建立联结。
- 消退(extinction)在条件刺激不再伴随无条件刺激时削弱它;自发恢复(spontaneous recovery)此后又使它部分回归。
- 泛化(generalisation)把反应扩散到相似刺激;歧视(discrimination)又把它收窄回来。
Presenting the CS repeatedly without the UCS weakens the response — this is ____. · 反复呈现条件刺激而不伴随无条件刺激,反应会减弱——这称为 ____。
Extinction weakens the association; spontaneous recovery later brings it partly back. · 消退削弱这一联结;自发恢复此后又使它部分回归。
Select all · 所有 the processes that describe how a conditioned response changes. · 选出描述条件反应如何变化的所有过程。
Scaffolding is a Vygotskian developmental term, not a conditioning process. · 支架是维果茨基的发展心理学术语,不是条件作用过程。
Habituation is not classical conditioning. Conditioning forms an association between two stimuli; habituation is simply a fading response to one repeated stimulus. The CED lists them together precisely because they are easy to confuse.
习惯化不是经典条件作用。条件作用形成的是两个刺激之间的联结;习惯化只是对单一重复刺激的反应逐渐减弱。CED 把它们并列,恰恰因为两者容易混淆。
Conditioned emotions
- Research has shown that emotional responses can be classically conditioned.
- That finding is the basis of the behavioural explanation of some phobias 恐惧症.
- A fear that was learned by association can, in principle, be unlearned the same way.
被条件化的情绪
- 研究表明情绪反应可以被经典条件化。
- 这一发现是对某些恐惧症(phobias)的行为主义解释的基础。
- 通过联结习得的恐惧,原则上也可以以同样方式被消除。
Habituation is a type of classical conditioning. · 习惯化是经典条件作用的一种。
Conditioning links two stimuli; habituation is a fading response to one · 一个 repeated stimulus. · 条件作用把两个刺激联系起来;习惯化是对单一重复刺激的反应减弱。
Match each phenomenon to what makes it unusual. · 把每种现象与其特殊之处配对。
Taste aversion breaks the usual rules; generalisation and discrimination widen and narrow. · 味觉厌恶打破了通常规则;泛化与辨别则分别是扩宽与收窄。
Taste aversion and habituation
- Taste aversions 味觉厌恶 form after a single pairing, sometimes hours apart — one-trial conditioning 一次试验条件作用.
- That is a biological preparedness 生物预备性: some associations are far easier to learn than others.
- Habituation 习惯化 is different: a diminished response to a repeated stimulus, with no association formed at all.
味觉厌恶与习惯化
- 味觉厌恶(taste aversions)在一次配对后即可形成,两者有时相隔数小时——这就是一次试验条件作用(one-trial conditioning)。
- 这体现了生物预备性(biological preparedness):某些联结远比另一些容易习得。
- 习惯化(habituation)则不同:它是对重复刺激的反应减弱,并未形成任何联结。
Someone eats an unfamiliar dish, falls ill six hours later from an unrelated virus, and cannot face that dish for years. One pairing, a long delay, and a lasting aversion — taste aversion breaks the usual rules because biology prepared it.
有人吃了一道不熟悉的菜,六小时后因一种无关的病毒而生病,此后多年都无法面对那道菜。一次配对、长时间延迟,以及持久的厌恶——味觉厌恶打破了通常的规则,因为生物学为它作了准备。
Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with a UCS until it becomes a CS producing a CR. Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalisation and discrimination describe its course. Emotions can be conditioned, taste aversion needs only one trial, and habituation is a different process entirely.
经典条件作用把中性刺激与无条件刺激配对,直到它成为引发条件反应的条件刺激。习得、消退、自发恢复、泛化与辨别描述其历程。情绪可以被条件化,味觉厌恶只需一次试验,而习惯化则完全是另一个过程。