Physical Development · 生理发展
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Teratogens/ˈterətədʒnz/ | 致畸物 | zhì jī wù |
| genetic mutations/dʒɪˈnetɪk mjuːˈteɪʃnz/ | 基因突变 | jī yīn tū biàn |
| reflexes/ˈriːfleksɪz/ | 反射 | fǎn shè |
| rooting reflex/ˈruːtɪŋ ˈriːfleks/ | 觅食反射 | mì shí fǎn shè |
| visual cliff/ˈvɪʒuːəl klɪf/ | 视崖 | shì yá |
| Critical/ˈkrɪtɪkl/ | 关键期 | guān jiàn qī |
| sensitive periods/ˈsensɪtɪv ˈpɪərɪədz/ | 敏感期 | mǐn gǎn qī |
| adolescent growth spurt/ˌædəˈlesənt ɡrəʊθ spɜːt/ | 青春期发育突增 | qīng chūn qī fā yù tū zēng |
| puberty/ˈpjuːbəti/ | 青春发育期 | qīng chūn fā yù qī |
| Adulthood/əˈdʌlthʊd/ | 成年期 | chéng nián qī |
Same order, different timetable
- Babies sit before they crawl and crawl before they walk, almost everywhere.
- But one baby walks at ten months and another at fifteen, and both are typical.
- Order is highly regular; timing is not.
顺序相同,时间表不同
- 婴儿几乎在任何地方都是先会坐、再会爬、然后会走。
- 但有的婴儿十个月会走,有的十五个月才会走,两者都属正常。
- 顺序高度规律;时间并不。
Across cultures, physical development in infancy is... · 在不同文化中,婴儿期的生理发展……
Order is highly regular; timing varies between typical children. · 顺序高度规律;时间在正常儿童之间存在差异。
Before birth
- Teratogens 致畸物 are agents that can harm prenatal development.
- Maternal illness, genetic mutations 基因突变, hormonal and environmental factors also influence it.
- The examinable point is that prenatal development is influenced by the environment, not only by genes.
出生之前
- 致畸物(teratogens)是可能损害产前发育的因素。
- 母体疾病、基因突变(genetic mutations)、激素与环境因素也会影响它。
- 可考的要点是:产前发育受环境影响,而不只受基因影响。
An agent that can harm prenatal development is called a ____. · 可能损害产前发育的因素称为 ____。
Teratogens are the CED's term for harmful prenatal agents. · 致畸物是 CED 对有害产前因素的用语。
Infancy and childhood
- Infants possess reflexes 反射 such as the rooting reflex 觅食反射, which indicate on-track development.
- The visual cliff 视崖 experiment showed infants perceive depth early — and are wary of it.
- Critical 关键期 and sensitive periods 敏感期 are windows in which experience has unusually strong effects.
婴儿期与儿童期
- 婴儿具备反射(reflexes),如觅食反射(rooting reflex),它们表明发育进程正常。
- 视崖(visual cliff)实验表明婴儿很早就能知觉深度——并对它保持警惕。
- 关键期(critical periods)与敏感期(sensitive periods)是经验作用异常强烈的时间窗口。
Follow physical development across a life · 沿着一生追踪身体发育
The examinable pattern is that development is orderly but not uniform — and each period has its own markers. · 可考的规律是:发育有序但并不整齐划一——每个阶段都有自己的标志。
The visual cliff showed that infants perceive depth earlier than they can describe it. · 视崖实验表明婴儿知觉深度的时间早于他们能够描述它的时间。
That gap is why infancy research relies on behavioural rather than verbal methods. · 正是这一落差使婴儿研究依赖行为方法而非言语方法。
Match each term to what it claims. · 把每个术语与其主张配对。
The two period terms differ in how absolute the window is. · 这两个关于时期的术语,区别在于窗口的绝对程度。
A critical period and a sensitive period are not the same claim. A critical period implies the window closes; a sensitive period implies effects are strongest then but not impossible later. Use the stronger word only when the evidence supports it.
关键期与敏感期不是同一个论断。关键期意味着窗口会关闭;敏感期意味着影响在那时最强、但此后并非不可能。只有证据支持时才使用更强的那个词。
Select all · 所有 the adolescent milestones the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有青春期里程碑。
Rooting and the visual cliff belong to infancy, not adolescence. · 觅食反射与视崖属于婴儿期,不属于青春期。
Adolescence
- The main milestones are the adolescent growth spurt 青春期发育突增 and puberty 青春发育期.
- Physical change arrives on a biological schedule that social maturity does not follow.
- The gap between the two is itself a source of the period's psychological pressure.
青春期
- 主要里程碑是青春期发育突增(adolescent growth spurt)与青春发育期(puberty)。
- 身体变化按生物学时间表到来,而社会成熟并不随之而来。
- 两者之间的落差本身,就是这一时期心理压力的一个来源。
Adulthood
- Adulthood 成年期 spans most of the lifespan.
- It is characterised by a general levelling off and then a varying decline in physical capability.
- "Varying" is the load-bearing word: the rate differs enormously between people and between abilities.
成年期
- 成年期(adulthood)占据人生的大部分。
- 其特征是生理能力先总体趋于平稳,随后出现程度不一的衰退。
- "程度不一"是承重的词:衰退速率在不同的人之间、不同的能力之间差异极大。
On the visual cliff, crawling infants stop at the apparent drop even when a caregiver calls from the other side. Depth perception is present far earlier than the ability to describe it — which is why behavioural methods matter in infancy research.
在视崖上,会爬的婴儿即使在看护者从对面呼唤时也会停在那道看似的落差前。深度知觉出现的时间远早于描述它的能力——这正是行为方法在婴儿研究中如此重要的原因。
Physical development follows a regular order with variable timing. Teratogens and maternal factors shape prenatal development, infant reflexes and the visual cliff reveal early capability, critical and sensitive periods are high-impact windows, and adulthood shows a varying decline.
生理发展遵循规律的顺序,而时间可变。致畸物与母体因素塑造产前发育,婴儿反射与视崖揭示早期能力,关键期与敏感期是高影响窗口,而成年期呈现程度不一的衰退。