Sex, Gender and Socialization · 性别、社会角色与社会化
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Sex/seks/ | 生理性别 | shēng lǐ xìng bié |
| Gender/ˈdʒendə/ | 社会性别 | shè huì xìng bié |
| Socialization/ˌsəʊʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ | 社会化 | shè huì huà |
| gender role/ˈdʒendə rəʊl/ | 性别角色 | xìng bié jué sè |
A child learns what is expected long before anyone explains it
- Children pick up expectations from what they see rewarded, imitated and assumed.
- Nobody has to state a rule for the rule to be learned.
- This topic is about how those expectations enter development.
孩子在任何人解释之前,早已学会了什么是被期待的
- 孩子从他们所看到的被奖励、被模仿与被默认的事物中获取各种期待。
- 无需任何人陈述一条规则,这条规则就已被学会。
- 本节讲的是这些期待如何进入发展过程。
Two different terms
- Sex 生理性别 refers to biological characteristics.
- Gender 社会性别 refers to the social and cultural expectations attached to them.
- The CED keeps them separate because they can influence development through different routes.
两个不同的术语
- 生理性别(sex)指生物学特征。
- 社会性别(gender)指附加于其上的社会与文化期待。
- CED 把两者分开,是因为它们可能通过不同途径影响发展。
In the CED's terms, gender refers to... · 在CED的术语中，性别指的是……
Sex is biological; gender is the social layer built on it. · **性别（Sex）**是生物学的；**社会性别（Gender）**是建立在之上的社会层。
Socialization
- Socialization 社会化 is the process of learning a society's expectations and roles.
- It runs through family, peers, school and media rather than through explicit instruction.
- The CED's claim is that sex and gender influence socialization — one factor among several, not a determinant.
社会化
- 社会化(socialization)是学习一个社会的期待与角色的过程。
- 它经由家庭、同伴、学校与媒体运行,而非经由明确的教导。
- CED 的论断是,生理性别与社会性别影响社会化——它们是若干因素之一,而不是决定因素。
Biological, social, or a process? · 生物学、社会学，还是一个过程？
Sort each item by the category the CED puts it in. · 根据CED的分类对每项内容进行排序。
The process of learning a society's expectations and roles is called . · 学习社会期望和角色的过程被称为。
Socialization runs through family, peers, school and media. · 社会化贯穿于家庭、同伴、学校和媒体之中。
An average difference between two groups says nothing reliable about any individual — the same statistical point the intelligence topic makes. An answer that moves from a group average to a claim about a person has made an error the course explicitly warns against.
两个群体之间的平均差异无法可靠地说明任何个体——这与智力一节所讲的是同一个统计学要点。从群体平均值滑向关于某个人的论断,是本课程明确警告的错误。
Gender roles are identical across all cultures and time periods. · 性别角色在所有文化和历史时期都是相同的。
They vary, and that variation is the evidence that they are social rather than fixed. · 它们存在差异，而这种差异恰恰证明了它们是社会的而非固定的。
Match each term to its definition. · 将每个术语与其定义匹配。
Biological, social, and the specific package of expectations a society holds. · 生物学、社会学以及社会所持的具体期望组合。
Roles and norms
- A gender role 性别角色 is the set of expectations a culture attaches to a group.
- Roles vary between cultures and change over time, which is the evidence that they are social rather than fixed.
- Because they vary, a claim about a role is always a claim about a particular society at a particular time.
角色与规范
- 性别角色(gender role)是某种文化附加于某一群体的一整套期待。
- 角色因文化而异、随时间而变,而这正是它们属于社会性而非固定不变的证据。
- 正因为它们各不相同,关于某一角色的论断,永远是关于某个特定社会在某个特定时期的论断。
Select all · 所有 the cautions the CED's framing requires. · 选择CED框架要求的所有注意事项。
Treating one study as universal is the error the other three cautions prevent. · 将一项研究视为普遍适用正是其他三项注意事项所防止的错误。
Writing about this carefully
- Describe what research observed, in the society and period where it was observed.
- Distinguish an average difference between groups from a claim about any individual.
- Where the CED says "influence", do not upgrade it to "determine".
谨慎地书写这一主题
- 描述研究观察到的内容,并限定在其观察所在的社会与时期。
- 把群体之间的平均差异与关于任何个体的论断区分开。
- 凡 CED 说"影响"之处,不要把它升级为"决定"。
Toy preferences studied in one country in one decade are often reported as a general finding. Repeat the study in another culture and the pattern shifts — which is exactly what makes the expectations social rather than fixed.
在某一国家某一十年间研究得到的玩具偏好,常被当作普遍发现来报道。在另一种文化中重复该研究,模式便会改变——而这恰恰说明这些期待是社会性的,而非固定不变的。
Sex is biological and gender is social. Socialization teaches a society's expectations through family, peers, school and media. Gender roles vary across cultures and time, and the CED's verb is influence — never "determine".
生理性别属于生物学,社会性别属于社会。社会化通过家庭、同伴、学校与媒体传授一个社会的期待。性别角色因文化与时代而异,而 CED 用的动词是影响——绝非"决定"。