Studying Development · 发展研究
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Developmental psychology/dɪˈveləpmentl saɪˈkɒlədʒi/ | 发展心理学 | fā zhǎn xīn lǐ xué |
| longitudinal study/ˌlɒŋɡɪˈtjuːdɪnl ˈstʌdi/ | 纵向研究 | zòng xiàng yán jiū |
| cohort effect/ˈkəʊhɔːt ɪˈfekt/ | 世代效应 | shì dài xiào yìng |
| cross-sectional study/krɒs ˈsekʃənl ˈstʌdi/ | 横断研究 | héng duàn yán jiū |
Two ways to watch a person change
- You can follow one group of people for twenty years.
- Or you can test people of many ages on the same afternoon.
- Both answer "how do people change?" — and each buys the answer at a different price.
观察一个人变化的两种方法
- 你可以跟踪同一群人二十年。
- 也可以在同一个下午测试不同年龄的人。
- 两者都在回答"人如何变化?"——而各自付出的代价不同。
What developmental psychology studies
- Developmental psychology 发展心理学 studies change across the lifespan.
- It works both chronologically — birth, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood — and thematically.
- The enduring themes cut across ages: stability and change, nature and nurture, and continuous versus discontinuous development.
发展心理学研究什么
- 发展心理学(developmental psychology)研究毕生的变化。
- 它既按时间顺序——出生、婴儿期、儿童期、青春期、成年期——展开,也按主题展开。
- 那些贯穿始终的主题横跨各个年龄:稳定与变化、先天与后天,以及连续与非连续发展。
Select all · 所有 the enduring themes the CED names in developmental psychology. · 选择CED指出的发展心理学中所有持久主题。
Recall and recognition belong to memory, not to developmental themes. · 回忆和再认属于记忆范畴，而非发展主题。
Longitudinal research
- A longitudinal study 纵向研究 follows the same people over time.
- It shows genuine change within individuals, which is what a developmental claim needs.
- The costs: it takes years, and people drop out — often not at random.
纵向研究
- 纵向研究(longitudinal study)长期跟踪同一批人。
- 它显示个体内部的真实变化,而这正是发展性论断所需要的。
- 代价是:耗时数年,且会有人退出——而且往往不是随机退出的。
Longitudinal or cross-sectional? · 纵向还是横断面？
Sort each feature by the design it belongs to. · 根据设计归属对每个特征进行排序。
A longitudinal study is the only design that can show... · 只有纵向研究才能显示……
Following the same · 相同 people is what makes within-person change measurable. · 追踪相同的人群是衡量个体内变化的关键。
A cohort effect is not a small technical caveat. If 70-year-olds score lower on a technology task than 20-year-olds in a cross-sectional study, the honest reading is that they grew up in a different world, not that ability declines with age.
世代效应不是一条无关紧要的技术性附注。如果在横断研究中 70 岁组在某项技术任务上得分低于 20 岁组,诚实的解读是他们在一个不同的世界里长大,而不是能力随年龄下降。
The confound in cross-sectional research, where age groups also differ by generation, is the ____ effect. · 横断面研究中的混淆因素在于，年龄组同时也代表了不同的世代，这就是____效应。
The cohort effect means the groups grew up in different worlds, not only at different ages. · 队列效应意味着这些群体不仅年龄不同，而且成长于不同的世界。
Cross-sectional research is faster than longitudinal research. · 横断面研究比纵向研究更快。
It tests everyone at once, which is exactly why it cannot separate age from generation. · 它一次性测试所有人，这也正是它无法区分年龄与世代的根本原因。
Cross-sectional research
- A cross-sectional study 横断研究 compares different age groups at one time.
- It is fast and cheap, and gives an answer this month rather than in 2045.
- The cost is the cohort effect 世代效应: the groups differ by generation as well as by age.
横断研究
- 横断研究(cross-sectional study)在同一时间比较不同年龄组。
- 它快速而低成本,能在本月而不是 2045 年给出答案。
- 代价是世代效应(cohort effect):各组之间的差异既来自年龄,也来自世代。
Match each design to its main cost. · 将每种设计与其主要成本匹配。
Each design buys one thing and pays for it with another. · 每种设计都获得了一方面的好处，但也付出了另一方面的代价。
Choosing between them
- If the question is whether a person changes, only a longitudinal design can answer it.
- If the question is how age groups differ right now, cross-sectional is enough.
- An exam answer names the design and the cost that comes with it.
在两者之间作选择
- 如果问题是某个人是否发生了变化,只有纵向设计能够回答。
- 如果问题是各年龄组此刻有何不同,横断设计就够了。
- 考试答案要点出设计以及它所带来的代价。
A cross-sectional study finds older adults use fewer digital services. A longitudinal study of the same people over ten years finds their use rising. Both are correct: the first measured a cohort difference, the second measured change.
一项横断研究发现年长成人使用的数字服务更少。而对同一批人进行十年的纵向研究却发现他们的使用在上升。两者都正确:前者测的是世代差异,后者测的是变化。
Developmental psychology works chronologically and thematically. A longitudinal study follows the same people — slow, but it measures real change. A cross-sectional study compares age groups at once — fast, but confounded by the cohort effect.
发展心理学既按时间顺序也按主题展开。纵向研究跟踪同一批人——慢,但测得的是真实变化。横断研究同时比较各年龄组——快,却被世代效应混淆。