Intelligence and Achievement · 智力与成就
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| intelligence quotient/ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns ˈkwəʊʃənt/ | 智商 | zhì shāng |
| mental age/ˈmentl eɪdʒ/ | 心理年龄 | xīn lǐ nián líng |
| chronological age/ˌkrɒnəˈlɒdʒɪkl eɪdʒ/ | 实际年龄 | shí jì nián líng |
| norm group/nɔːm ɡruːp/ | 常模组 | cháng mó zǔ |
| psychometric/ˌsaɪkəʊˈmetrɪk/ | 心理测量学 | xīn lǐ cè liáng xué |
| Reliability/rɪˌlaɪəˈbɪlɪti/ | 信度 | xìn dù |
| validity/væˈlɪdɪti/ | 效度 | xiào dù |
| Standardisation/ˌstændədaɪˈzeɪʃn/ | 标准化 | biāo zhǔn huà |
| Flynn Effect/flɪn ɪˈfekt/ | 弗林效应 | fú lín xiào yìng |
| Achievement tests/əˈtʃiːvmənt tests/ | 成就测验 | chéng jiù cè yàn |
| aptitude tests/ˈæptɪtjuːd tests/ | 能力倾向测验 | néng lì qīng xiàng cè yàn |
| fixed mindset/fɪkst ˈmaɪndset/ | 固定型心态 | gù dìng xíng xīn tài |
| growth mindset/ɡrəʊθ ˈmaɪndset/ | 成长型心态 | chéng zhǎng xíng xīn tài |
A number that has never had an agreed meaning
- Intelligence tests produce a precise-looking score.
- Yet the CED opens by saying consensus on how to define and measure intelligence remains elusive.
- Holding both facts at once is the whole skill in this topic.
一个从未有过公认含义的数字
- 智力测验给出一个看起来很精确的分数。
- 然而 CED 开篇便指出,关于如何界定与测量智力,共识依然难以达成。
- 同时把握这两个事实,正是本节的全部功夫所在。
What an IQ score is
- Early tests produced an intelligence quotient 智商 by dividing mental age 心理年龄 by chronological age 实际年龄 and multiplying by 100.
- Modern tests instead compare a person with a norm group 常模组.
- The number is a position in a distribution, not a quantity of a substance.
智商分数是什么
- 早期测验通过把心理年龄(mental age)除以实际年龄(chronological age)再乘以 100 得出智商(intelligence quotient)。
- 现代测验则改为把个人与常模组(norm group)相比较。
- 这个数字是在分布中的位置,而不是某种实体的数量。
What makes a test sound
- All psychological assessments should follow sound psychometric 心理测量学 principles.
- Reliability 信度 means consistent results; validity 效度 means it measures what it claims.
- Standardisation 标准化 means the same procedure and a defined norm group every time.
什么使一项测验站得住
- 一切心理测评都应遵循可靠的心理测量学(psychometric)原则。
- 信度(reliability)指结果一致;效度(validity)指它测的确实是它所声称的东西。
- 标准化(standardisation)指每次都采用相同程序与既定的常模组。
Reliability, validity, or standardisation? · 信度、效度还是标准化？
Sort each test property by the psychometric principle it names. · 根据每种测试属性对应的心理测量学原理进行分类。
Select all · 所有 the psychometric principles a sound assessment should meet. · 选择良好评估应满足的所有心理测量学原理。
Popularity is not a psychometric property. · 流行度不是心理测量学属性。
"Scores vary more within groups than between groups" is a statistical statement with a specific consequence: a group average tells you almost nothing about any individual in it. Quote the claim precisely — a vague gesture at "bias" does not earn the mark.
"分数在组内的差异大于组间"是一句有特定后果的统计学陈述:某个群体的平均值几乎无法说明其中任何个体。要精确引用这一论断——含糊地提一句"偏见"是得不到分的。
The worldwide rise in IQ scores over time is called the ____ Effect. · 全球范围内IQ分数的持续上升被称为____效应。
The Flynn Effect is attributed to societal factors, not to changing biology. · 弗林效应归因于社会因素，而非生物学变化。
The CED's statement that scores vary more within groups than between them implies that... · CED指出分数在组内变异大于组间变异，这意味着……
Greater within-group variation is exactly why a group average cannot characterise a person. · 更大的组内变异恰恰说明了群体平均值无法代表个人。
How the scores have been misused
- IQ scores have risen worldwide over time — the Flynn Effect 弗林效应 — for societal reasons.
- Scores vary more within a group than between groups, so a group average explains almost nothing about an individual.
- Test scores have been used to limit access to jobs, military ranks and education — a documented misuse, not a hypothetical one.
这些分数如何被误用
- 智商分数在全球范围内随时间上升——即弗林效应(Flynn Effect)——原因是社会性的。
- 分数在组内的差异大于组间,因此某个群体的平均值几乎无法说明任何个体。
- 测验分数曾被用于限制人们获得工作、军衔与教育的机会——这是有据可查的误用,而非假设。
An achievement test measures what someone already knows. · 成就测验衡量一个人已经知道的内容。
Achievement looks backwards at knowledge; aptitude looks forward at predicted performance. · 成就着眼于过去的知识；能力倾向着眼于未来的预期表现。
Match each mindset to what it assumes. · 将每种思维模式与其假设相匹配。
Mindset is a belief about ability; an aptitude test is a prediction of it. · 心态是对能力的信念；能力倾向测验是对这种能力的预测。
Achievement, aptitude and mindset
- Achievement tests 成就测验 measure what someone already knows; aptitude tests 能力倾向测验 predict future performance.
- A fixed mindset 固定型心态 treats intelligence as set from birth; a growth mindset 成长型心态 treats it as changeable through experience.
- The CED includes mindset because belief about ability affects the behaviour that produces ability.
成就、能力倾向与心态
- 成就测验(achievement tests)测量一个人已经掌握的内容;能力倾向测验(aptitude tests)预测未来表现。
- 固定型心态(fixed mindset)把智力视为与生俱来且固定;成长型心态(growth mindset)把它视为可因经历而改变。
- CED 纳入心态,是因为关于能力的信念会影响产生能力的那些行为。
Two students score identically on an aptitude test. One believes ability is fixed and stops after failing; the other believes it is malleable and revises her method. A year later their achievement differs — the mindset, not the score, predicted the outcome.
两名学生在能力倾向测验上得分相同。一人相信能力是固定的,失败后便放弃;另一人相信能力可变,于是调整方法。一年后两人的成就出现差异——预测这一结果的是心态,而不是分数。
Intelligence has no agreed definition. An IQ is a position in a distribution, sound only if the test is reliable, valid and standardised. The Flynn Effect shows scores rise for social reasons, variation is greater within groups than between, and mindset shapes achievement independently of the score.
智力没有公认的定义。智商是在分布中的位置,只有当测验具备信度、效度与标准化时才站得住。弗林效应表明分数因社会原因而上升,组内差异大于组间,而心态独立于分数地塑造着成就。