Perception · 知觉
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Perception/pəˈsepʃn/ | 知觉 | zhī jué |
| Bottom-up processing/ˈbɒtəm ʌp ˈprəʊsesɪŋ/ | 自下而上加工 | zì xià ér shàng jiā gōng |
| Top-down processing/tɒp daʊn ˈprəʊsesɪŋ/ | 自上而下加工 | zì shàng ér xià jiā gōng |
| Schemas/ˈskiːməz/ | 图式 | tú shì |
| perceptual sets/pəˈseptʃuːəl sets/ | 知觉定势 | zhī jué dìng shì |
| cultural expectations/ˈkʌltʃərəl ekspɪkˈteɪʃnz/ | 文化期待 | wén huà qī dài |
| Attention/əˈtenʃn/ | 注意 | zhù yì |
| Gestalt/ɡəʃˈtɑːlt/ | 格式塔 | gé shì tǎ |
| closure/ˈkləʊʒə/ | 闭合 | bì hé |
| figure and ground/ˈfɪɡə ænd ɡraʊnd/ | 图形与背景 | tú xíng yǔ bèi jǐng |
| proximity/prɒkˈsɪmɪti/ | 邻近性 | lín jìn xìng |
| similarity/ˌsɪmɪˈlærɪti/ | 相似性 | xiāng sì xìng |
| Binocular cues/bɪˈnɒkjʊlə kjuːz/ | 双眼线索 | shuāng yǎn xiàn suǒ |
| retinal disparity/ˈretɪnl dɪˈspærɪti/ | 视网膜像差 | shì wǎng mó xiàng chà |
| convergence/kənˈvɜːdʒəns/ | 辐辏 | fú còu |
| Monocular cues/mɒˈnəʊkjʊlə kjuːz/ | 单眼线索 | dān yǎn xiàn suǒ |
| texture gradient/ˈtekstʃə ˈɡreɪdɪənt/ | 纹理梯度 | wén lǐ tī dù |
| linear perspective/ˈlɪnɪə pəˈspektɪv/ | 线条透视 | xiàn tiáo tòu shì |
| interposition/ˌɪntəpəˈzɪʃn/ | 遮挡 | zhē dǎng |
| Perceptual constancies/pəˈseptʃuːəl ˈkɒnstənsiz/ | 知觉恒常性 | zhī jué héng cháng xìng |
| apparent movement/əˈpærənt ˈmuːvmənt/ | 似动 | shì dòng |
Two people look at the same thing and see different things
- Sensation delivers the same raw data to both of them.
- What differs is what each brain does with it.
- Perception 知觉 is that second step — organising and interpreting sensation.
两个人看着同一样东西,却看到不同的东西
- 感觉把同样的原始数据送给了两个人。
- 不同的是每个大脑对它做了什么。
- 知觉(perception)就是这第二步——对感觉加以组织与解释。
Bottom-up and top-down
- Bottom-up processing 自下而上加工 starts from the external sensory information itself.
- Top-down processing 自上而下加工 starts from what you already expect and know.
- Most perception uses both at once; questions ask which one a case relies on primarily.
自下而上与自上而下
- 自下而上加工(bottom-up processing)从外部感觉信息本身出发。
- 自上而下加工(top-down processing)从你已有的期待与知识出发。
- 多数知觉同时使用两者;题目问的是某个案例主要依赖哪一种。
Reading messy handwriting easily because you know the words relies mainly on... · 之所以能轻松读懂潦草的手写字,主要依靠……
Prior knowledge filling in unclear input is top-down processing. · 用已有知识补齐不清晰的输入,就是自上而下加工。
The filters you bring with you
- Schemas 图式 and perceptual sets 知觉定势 are internal filters — frameworks that shape what you notice.
- Context, experience and cultural expectations 文化期待 are external filters.
- Attention 注意 is where sensation and perception meet, and it is affected by both kinds of filter.
你自己带来的那些过滤器
- 图式(schemas)与知觉定势(perceptual sets)是内部过滤器——塑造你注意到什么的框架。
- 语境、经验与文化期待(cultural expectations)是外部过滤器。
- 注意(attention)是感觉与知觉的交汇处,而它同时受两类过滤器影响。
An expectation that shapes what you notice before you notice it is a perceptual ____. · 在你注意到之前就塑造你会注意到什么的期待,叫做知觉 ____。
A perceptual set is an internal filter, alongside schemas. · 知觉定势是一种内部过滤器,与图式并列。
Do not use sensation and perception as synonyms. Sensation is detection and transduction; perception is organisation and interpretation. A question about why two people disagree about what they saw is always a perception question.
不要把感觉与知觉当作同义词。感觉是探测与换能;知觉是组织与解释。凡是问两人为何对所见有分歧的题目,都是知觉题。
Select all · 所有 Gestalt principles the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有格式塔原则。
Convergence is a binocular depth cue, not a Gestalt grouping principle. · 辐辏是双眼深度线索,不是格式塔组织原则。
Gestalt principles
- Gestalt 格式塔 psychology described how we group parts into wholes.
- The four the CED names are closure 闭合, figure and ground 图形与背景, proximity 邻近性 and similarity 相似性.
- Each one is the brain adding structure the sensory data did not contain.
格式塔原则
- 格式塔(Gestalt)心理学描述了我们如何把部分组合为整体。
- CED 点名的四项是闭合(closure)、图形与背景(figure and ground)、邻近性(proximity)与相似性(similarity)。
- 每一项都是大脑添加了感觉数据本身并不包含的结构。
Follow a stimulus from sensation to perception · 从感觉到知觉:追踪一个刺激
Sensation is the signal; perception is what is made of it — and top-down expectation acts at the last step. · 感觉是信号;知觉是对信号的加工——而自上而下的预期作用在最后一步。
Perceptual constancy means an object looks different whenever its retinal image changes. · 知觉恒常性意味着物体的视网膜像一改变,它看起来就不同。
Constancy does the opposite — it keeps the object the same to you despite the changing image. · 恒常性恰恰相反——它使物体在像发生改变时对你仍保持不变。
Match each cue to what it uses. · 把每种线索与它所利用的内容配对。
Disparity needs two eyes; interposition and texture gradient need only one. · 视网膜差异需要两只眼;遮挡与纹理梯度只需一只。
Depth, constancy and movement
- Binocular cues 双眼线索 need two eyes: retinal disparity 视网膜像差 and convergence 辐辏.
- Monocular cues 单眼线索 work with one: relative clarity, relative size, texture gradient 纹理梯度, linear perspective 线条透视 and interposition 遮挡.
- Perceptual constancies 知觉恒常性 keep an object the same to you even as its retinal image changes; apparent movement 似动 is motion perceived where none occurs.
深度、恒常性与运动
- 双眼线索(binocular cues)需要两只眼:视网膜像差(retinal disparity)与辐辏(convergence)。
- 单眼线索(monocular cues)一只眼即可:相对清晰度、相对大小、纹理梯度(texture gradient)、线条透视(linear perspective)与遮挡(interposition)。
- 知觉恒常性(perceptual constancies)使物体在视网膜像改变时对你仍保持不变;似动(apparent movement)是在并无运动之处知觉到运动。
You read a handwritten note easily even though several letters are ambiguous. Bottom-up, the marks are unclear; top-down, your knowledge of the words fills them in. The same marks would be unreadable in a language you do not know.
你能轻松读懂一张手写便条,尽管有几个字母含混不清。从自下而上看,那些笔画并不清楚;从自上而下看,你对词语的知识把它们补齐了。同样的笔画,换成你不懂的语言就无法辨认。
Perception organises and interprets sensation, combining bottom-up and top-down processing. Schemas, perceptual sets, context and culture filter it. Gestalt principles group parts into wholes, binocular and monocular cues give depth, and constancies keep objects stable.
知觉对感觉加以组织与解释,并结合自下而上与自上而下加工。图式、知觉定势、语境与文化对它加以过滤。格式塔原则把部分组合为整体,双眼与单眼线索给出深度,而恒常性使物体保持稳定。