Thinking and Problem-Solving · 思维与问题解决
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Concepts/ˈkɒnsepts/ | 概念 | gài niàn |
| prototype/ˈprəʊtəʊtaɪp/ | 原型 | yuán xíng |
| Schemas/ˈskiːməz/ | 图式 | tú shì |
| assimilation/əˌsɪmɪˈleɪʃn/ | 同化 | tóng huà |
| accommodation/əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn/ | 顺应 | shùn yìng |
| algorithm/ˈælɡərɪθəm/ | 算法 | suàn fǎ |
| heuristic/hjuːˈrɪstɪk/ | 启发式 | qǐ fā shì |
| mental set/ˈmentl set/ | 心向 | xīn xiàng |
| Framing/ˈfreɪmɪŋ/ | 框架效应 | kuāng jià xiào yìng |
| gambler's fallacy/ˈɡæmbləz ˈfæləsi/ | 赌徒谬误 | dǔ tú miù wù |
| sunk-cost fallacy/sʌŋk kɒst ˈfæləsi/ | 沉没成本谬误 | chén mò chéng běn miù wù |
| Creativity/kriːˌeɪˈtɪvɪti/ | 创造力 | chuàng zào lì |
| Executive functions/eɡˈzekjuːtɪv ˈfʌŋkʃnz/ | 执行功能 | zhí xíng gōng néng |
| divergent thinking/daɪˈvɜːdʒənt ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/ | 发散思维 | fā sàn sī wéi |
| Convergent thinking/kənˈvɜːdʒənt ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/ | 聚合思维 | jù hé sī wéi |
A shortcut that usually works, and sometimes fails
- People do not solve most problems by checking every possibility.
- They use shortcuts that are fast and usually right.
- The systematic errors those shortcuts produce are what this topic is really about.
一条通常有效、偶尔失效的捷径
- 人们解决多数问题时并不会逐一检查每种可能。
- 他们使用快速而通常正确的捷径。
- 这些捷径所造成的系统性错误,才是本节真正的主题。
Concepts, prototypes and schemas
- Concepts 概念 form the basis of thought; a prototype 原型 is the ideal example of a concept.
- Schemas 图式 are frameworks for thinking, changed through assimilation 同化 (fitting new information into an existing schema) and accommodation 顺应 (changing the schema to fit).
- The prototype explains why a robin feels more "bird" than a penguin does.
概念、原型与图式
- 概念(concepts)构成思维的基础;原型(prototype)是某一概念的理想例子。
- 图式(schemas)是思维的框架,通过同化(assimilation,把新信息纳入既有图式)与顺应(accommodation,改变图式以适应)而变化。
- 原型解释了为何知更鸟比企鹅更"像鸟"。
Accommodation means fitting new information into a schema you already have. · 顺应是指将新信息纳入已有的图式中。
That is assimilation. Accommodation · 住宿 changes the schema itself to fit the new information. · 这指的是同化。顺应则是改变图式本身以适应新信息。
Algorithms and heuristics
- An algorithm 算法 tries all possible solutions until the correct one is found — slow but guaranteed.
- A heuristic 启发式 uses a mental shortcut — fast, but it can lead to errors in judgement.
- The trade is always the same: certainty against speed.
算法与启发式
- 算法(algorithm)逐一尝试所有可能的解,直到找到正确者——慢,但有保证。
- 启发式(heuristic)使用心理捷径——快,但可能导致判断错误。
- 这一取舍永远相同:确定性换速度。
An algorithm differs from a heuristic in that it... · 算法与启发法的区别在于它……
The trade is certainty against speed: algorithms guarantee, heuristics hurry. · 这种权衡是以确定性换取速度：算法保证正确性，启发法则追求效率。
A heuristic is not simply "a mistake". It is a shortcut that is usually right — which is exactly why people keep using it. An exam answer should say what the shortcut normally buys you and the error it can produce.
启发式并不只是"一个错误"。它是一条通常正确的捷径——这恰恰是人们持续使用它的原因。考试答案应当说出这条捷径通常带来什么以及它可能造成什么错误。
Algorithm, heuristic, or error? · 算法、启发法还是错误？
Sort each description by the kind of thinking it names. · 根据每种描述所指的思维类型进行排序。
Continuing a failing course of action because of resources already spent is the ____-cost fallacy. · 因为已经投入的资源而继续一条失败的行动路线，这是____成本谬误。
Only the remaining costs and benefits should decide; spent resources are gone either way. · 决策应仅基于剩余的成本和收益；无论何种情况，已投入的资源都已无法挽回。
Select all · 所有 the thinking errors the CED names in this topic. · 选择CED在本主题中列出的所有思维错误。
Transduction is a sensation term, not a thinking error. · 转导是一个感觉术语，而非思维错误。
Where thinking goes wrong
- A mental set 心向 is relying on what worked before, even when it no longer fits.
- Framing 框架效应 means the way a choice is presented changes the decision.
- The gambler's fallacy 赌徒谬误 and the sunk-cost fallacy 沉没成本谬误 both keep people committed to a losing course.
思维出错之处
- 心向(mental set)是依赖以往奏效的做法,即便它已不再适用。
- 框架效应(framing)意味着选择的呈现方式会改变决定。
- 赌徒谬误(gambler's fallacy)与沉没成本谬误(sunk-cost fallacy)都会让人继续投入一条败局已定的路。
Match each term to what it does. · 将每个术语与其功能相匹配。
Divergent opens up options, convergent narrows them, and executive functions run the plan. · 发散思维拓展选项，聚合思维缩小范围，而执行功能则负责执行计划。
Executive function and creativity
- Executive functions 执行功能 are the processes that generate, organise, plan and carry out goal-directed behaviour.
- Creativity 创造力 generates novel ideas through divergent thinking 发散思维 — many possible answers.
- Convergent thinking 聚合思维 narrows to one correct answer instead.
执行功能与创造力
- 执行功能(executive functions)是生成、组织、计划并执行目标导向行为的各种过程。
- 创造力(creativity)通过发散思维(divergent thinking)产生新想法——多种可能的答案。
- 聚合思维(convergent thinking)则相反,收敛到唯一正确答案。
A student has already spent forty hours on a failing project and keeps going "because of all that work". The hours are gone either way — that is the sunk-cost fallacy, and only the remaining costs and benefits should decide.
一名学生已在一个注定失败的项目上花了四十小时,却因为"已经投入了这么多"而继续下去。无论如何那些时间都收不回来——这就是沉没成本谬误,只有剩余的成本与收益才应当作出决定。
Concepts and prototypes organise thought; schemas change by assimilation and accommodation. Algorithms guarantee an answer, heuristics are fast but error-prone, and mental set, framing, the gambler's and sunk-cost fallacies are the named errors. Executive functions plan; divergent thinking creates.
概念与原型组织思维;图式通过同化与顺应发生变化。算法保证得到答案,启发式快速但易错,而心向、框架效应、赌徒谬误与沉没成本谬误是被点名的错误。执行功能负责计划;发散思维带来创造。