Short-Run Production Costs · 短期生产成本
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| variable costs/ˈveərɪəbl kɒsts/ | 可变成本 | kě biàn chéng běn |
| fixed costs/fɪkst kɒsts/ | 固定成本 | gù dìng chéng běn |
| raw materials/rɔː məˈtɪərɪəlz/ | 原材料 | yuán cái liào |
| total cost/ˈtəʊtl kɒst/ | 总成本 | zǒng chéng běn |
| average fixed cost/ˈævrɪdʒ fɪkst kɒst/ | 平均固定成本 | píng jūn gù dìng chéng běn |
| average variable cost/ˈævrɪdʒ ˈveərɪəbl kɒst/ | 平均可变成本 | píng jūn kě biàn chéng běn |
| average total cost/ˈævrɪdʒ ˈtəʊtl kɒst/ | 平均总成本 | píng jūn zǒng chéng běn |
| marginal cost/ˈmɑːdʒɪnl kɒst/ | 边际成本 | biān jì chéng běn |
Which costs move, and which don't
- Rent on the factory is due whether you make 1 unit or 10,000.
- Wages and materials, though, climb every time you make more.
- Sorting costs by how they behave is the key to pricing a firm's output.
- It starts with two types: fixed and variable.
哪些成本会动,哪些不会
- 工厂租金,不管你做 1 件还是 10000 件都要付。
- 而工资和材料,每多做一些就往上涨。
- 按成本如何变化给它们分类,是为企业产出定价的关键。
- 一切从两种类型开始:固定与可变。
Fixed and variable costs
- Fixed costs 固定成本 (FC) do not change with output — like factory rent. You pay them even at zero output.
- Variable costs 可变成本 (VC) rise as output rises — like wages and raw materials 原材料.
- Together they make total cost 总成本: $TC = FC + VC$.
固定成本与可变成本
- 固定成本(fixed costs,FC)不随产量变化——比如工厂租金。产量为零时你也要付。
- 可变成本(variable costs,VC)随产量上升——比如工资和原材料(raw materials)。
- 两者相加就是总成本(total cost):$TC = FC + VC$。
Total cost equals fixed cost plus ______ cost. · 总成本等于固定成本加上______成本。
TC = FC + VC. Fixed costs stay put; variable costs rise with output. · TC = FC + VC。固定成本不变;可变成本随产量上升。
Match each cost to its example. · 把每种成本与它的例子配对。
Rent is fixed, wages/materials vary with output, and MC is the cost of the next unit. · 租金固定,工资/材料随产量变动,MC 是下一个单位的成本。
Per-unit costs
- Average fixed cost 平均固定成本: $AFC = \tfrac{FC}{Q}$ — always falls as output rises (spread over more units).
- Average variable cost 平均可变成本: $AVC = \tfrac{VC}{Q}$. Average total cost 平均总成本: $ATC = \tfrac{TC}{Q} = AFC + AVC$.
- Marginal cost 边际成本 (MC) is the extra cost of one more unit: $MC = \tfrac{\Delta TC}{\Delta Q}$.
单位成本
- 平均固定成本(average fixed cost):$AFC = \tfrac{FC}{Q}$ —— 随产量上升总是下降(分摊到更多单位)。
- 平均可变成本(average variable cost):$AVC = \tfrac{VC}{Q}$。平均总成本(average total cost):$ATC = \tfrac{TC}{Q} = AFC + AVC$。
- 边际成本(marginal cost,MC)是多一个单位的额外成本:$MC = \tfrac{\Delta TC}{\Delta Q}$。
The firm's cost curves · 企业的成本曲线
Average cost is U-shaped, and marginal cost cuts it exactly at the minimum. Drag the output and watch marginal cost pull the average up or down. · 平均成本是 U 形的,边际成本恰好在最低点穿过它。拖动产量,看边际成本如何把平均拉高或拉低。
Total cost is 160 at 10 units and 175 at 11 units. What is the marginal cost of the 11th unit? · 总成本在 10 单位时为 160,在 11 单位时为 175。第 11 单位的边际成本是多少?
MC = ΔTC/ΔQ = (175 − 160)/1 = 15. · MC = ΔTC/ΔQ = (175 − 160)/1 = 15。
As output rises, average fixed cost: · 随着产量上升,平均固定成本:
The same fixed cost divided by a larger quantity keeps shrinking. · 同样的固定成本除以更大的数量,会不断变小。
MC cuts the average at its minimum
- When MC is below the average, it pulls the average down; when above, it pulls it up.
- So MC crosses AVC and ATC exactly at their lowest points.
- The curves are U-shaped for the same reason as diminishing returns: cheap extra units at first, dearer ones later.
MC 在最低点穿过平均成本
- 当 MC 低于平均时,把平均拉低;当高于时,把平均拉高。
- 所以 MC 恰好在 AVC 和 ATC 的最低点穿过它们。
- 曲线呈 U 形,原因和收益递减一样:起初额外单位便宜,后来变贵。
The marginal cost curve crosses the average total cost curve at its lowest point. · 边际成本曲线在平均总成本曲线的最低点处穿过它。
Below the average MC pulls it down, above it pulls it up — so they cross at the minimum. · 低于平均时 MC 把它拉低,高于时拉高——所以在最低点相交。
If the marginal cost of the next unit is below average total cost, then ATC will: · 如果下一个单位的边际成本低于平均总成本,那么 ATC 会:
A below-average marginal cost pulls the average down. · 低于平均的边际成本把平均拉低。
Total cost = fixed + variable. Per unit: AFC always falls, and ATC = AFC + AVC. Marginal cost crosses AVC and ATC at their minimum points — below the average pulls it down, above pulls it up. All three short-run curves are U-shaped.
总成本 = 固定 + 可变。单位上:AFC 总是下降,且 ATC = AFC + AVC。边际成本在 AVC 和 ATC 的最低点穿过它们——低于平均把它拉低,高于把它拉高。三条短期曲线都是 U 形。